Referencer

Bernhardt J, Hayward KS, Kwakkel G, Ward NS, Wolf SL, Borschmann K, Krakauer JW, Boyd LA, Carmichael ST, Corbett D, Cramer SC (2017) Agreed definitions and a shared vision for new standards in stroke recovery research: the stroke recovery and rehabilitation roundtable taskforce. Int J Stroke 12:444–450

Campbell H, Hotchkiss R, Bradshaw N, Porteous M (1998) Integrated care pathways. J Integr Care Pathw 316:133–137

CEBM (2009) “Oxford Center for Evidence-Based Medicine—Levels of Evidence”, last version from March 2009. https://www.cebm.net/2009/06/oxford-centre-evidence-based-medicine-levels-evidence-march-2009/

De Bleser L, Depreitere R, De Waele K, Vanhaecht K, Vlayen J, Sermeus W (2006) Defining path-ways. J Nurs Manag 14:553–563

Feigin VL, Forouzanfar MH, Krishnamurthi R, Mensah GA, Connor M, Bennett DA, Moran AE, Sacco RL, Anderson L, Truelsen T, O’Donnell M, Venketasubramanian N, Barker-Collo S, Lawes CM, Wang W, Shinohara Y, Witt E, Ezzati M, Naghavi M, Murray C, Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2010 (GBD 2010) and the GBD Stroke Experts Group (2014) Global and regional burden of stroke during 1990–2010: fndings from the global burden of disease study 2010. Lancet 383:245–254

GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators (2016) Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2015. Lancet 388:1545–1602

GBD 2015 Neurological Disorders Collaborator Group (2017) Global, regional, and national burden of neurological disorders during 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2015. Lancet Neurol 16:877–897

Higgins JPT, Savovíc J, Page MJ, Elbers RG, Sterne JAC (2019) Chapter 8: Assessing risk of bias in a randomized trial. In: Higgins JPT, Thomas J, Chandler J, Cumpston M, Li T, Page MJ, Welch VA (eds) Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions. 2nd edition. Chichester (UK): John Wiley & Sons, 205–228

Lichtenstein AH, Yetley EA, Lau J (2009) Application of systematic review methodology to the feld of nutrition: nutritional research series, vol 1. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US), Rockville, MD. 2009 Jan. (technical reviews, no. 17.1.) 2, methods. https://www.ncbi. nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK44075/

Mehrholz J, Thomas S, Elsner B (2017a) Treadmill training and body weight support for walking after stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev (8):CD002840

Mehrholz J, Thomas S, Werner C, Kugler J, Pohl M, Elsner B (2017b) Electromechanical-assisted training for walking after stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev (5):CD006185

Mehrholz J, Pohl M, Platz T, Kugler J, Elsner B (2018) Electromechanical and robot-assisted arm training for improving activities of daily living, arm function, and arm muscle strength after stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev (9):CD006876

Muche-Borowski C, Selbmann HK, Müller W et al. (2012) Das AWMF-Regelwerk Leitlinien 1. Auf.; AWMF; http://www.awmf.org/leitlinien/awmf-regelwerk

Owolabi MO (2013) Consistent determinants of post-stroke health-related quality of life across diverse cultures: Berlin-Ibadan study. Acta Neurol Scand 128:311–320

Owolabi MO, Miranda JJ, Yaria J, Ovbiagele B (2016) Controlling cardiovascular diseases in low and middle income countries by placing proof in pragmatism. BMJ Glob Health 1(3):e000105

Owolabi M, Johnson W, Khan T, Feigin V, for Operations Committee of the Lancet Neurology on Stroke (2018) Effectively combating stroke in low- and middle-income countries: placing proof in pragmatism—the lancet neurology commission. J Stroke Med 1:65–67

Platz T (2017) Practice guidelines in neurorehabilitation. Neurol Int Open 01(03):E148–E152. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0043-103057 Platz T (2019) Evidence-based guidelines and clinical pathways in stroke rehabilitation—an international perspective. Front Neurol 10:200. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2019.00200

Platz T, Vetter N, Falk M (2020) Treatment of neurovisual disorders post stroke – from systematic review evidence to clinical practice recommendations. PROSPERO CRD42020157933. Available from: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42020157933

Platz T (2021) Evidenzbasierte Leitlinienentwicklung der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Neurologie (DGN) und der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Neurorehabilitation (DGNR) - Methodik für die systematische Evidenzbasierung. Fortschritte der Neurologie – Psychiatrie, in press

Rotter T, Kinsman L, James EL, Machotta A, Gothe H, Willis J, Snow P, Kugler J (2010) Clinical pathways: effects on professional practice, patient outcomes, length of stay and hospital costs. Cochrane Database Syst Rev (3):CD006632

Schünemann H, Brożek J, Guyatt G, Oxman A (2013) GRADE handbook for grading quality of evidence and strength of recommendations. The GRADE Working Group. Updated October 2013. guidelinedevelopment.org/handbook

Schünemann HJ, Higgins JPT, Vist GE, Glasziou P, Akl E, Skoetz N, Guyatt GH (2019) Chapter 14: Completing ‘Summary of fndings’ tables and grading the certainty of the evidence. In: Higgins JPT, Thomas J, Chandler J, Cumpston M, Li T, Page MJ, Welch VA (eds) Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions. 2nd edition. Chichester (UK): John Wiley & Sons, 375–402

Shea BJ, Reeves BC, Wells G, Thuku M, Hamel C, Moran J, Moher D, Tugwell P, Welch V, Kristjansson E, Henry DA (2017) AMSTAR 2: a critical appraisal tool for systematic reviews that include randomised or non-randomised studies of healthcare interventions, or both. BMJ 358:j4008

Stroke Unit Trialists’ Collaboration (2013) Organised inpatient (stroke unit) care for stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev (9):CD000197

Vanhaecht K, De Witte K, Depreitere R, Sermeus W (2006) Clinical pathway audit tools: a systematic review. J Nurs Manag 14:529–537

World Health Organization (2001) International classifcation of functioning, disability and health. World Health Organization, Geneva

ANPT (2015) ANPT outcome measures recommendations (EDGE) [online]. Academy of Neurologic Physical Therapy, Alexandria, VA. http://www.neuropt.org/professional-resources/. Accessed 14 Jan 2019

Ashford SJ, de Stobbeleir KEM (2013) Feedback, goal setting, and task performance revisited. In: Locke EA, Latham GP (eds) New developments in goal setting and task performance, 1st edn. Routledge, New York, London

Ashford S, Turner-Stokes L (2006) Goal attainment for spasticity management using botulinum toxin. Physiother Res Int 11:24–34

Ayerbe L, Ayis S, Wolfe CD, Rudd AG (2013) Natural history, predictors and outcomes of depression after stroke: systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Psychiatry. 202(1):14–21. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.111.107664.

Bandura A (2010) Self-effcacy: the exercise of control. Freeman, New York

Bandura A (2013) The role of self-effcacy in goal-based motivation. In: Locke EA, Latham GP (eds) New developments in goal setting and task performance, 1st edn. Routledge, New York, London

Brands IM, Wade DT, Stapert SZ, Van Heugten CM (2012) The adaptation process following acute onset disability: an interactive two-dimensional approach applied to acquired brain injury. Clin Rehabil 26:840–852

Brands I, Stapert S, Kohler S, Wade D, Van Heugten C (2014) Life goal attainment in the adaptation process after acquired brain injury: the influence of self-effcacy and of fexibility and tenacity in goal pursuit. Clin Rehabil 29:611–622

Braun JP, Mende H, Bause H, Bloos F, Geldner G, Kastrup M, Kuhlen R, Markewitz A, Martin J, Quintel M, Steinmeier-Bauer K, Waydhas C, Spies C, NEQUI (2010) Quality indicators in intensive care medicine: why? Use or burden for the intensivist. Ger Med Sci 8:Doc22

Brown M, Levack W, McPherson KM, Dean SG, Reed K, Weatherall M, Taylor WJ (2013) Survival, momentum, and things that make me “me”: patients’ perceptions of goal setting after stroke. Disabil Rehabil 36:1020–1026

Cerniauskaite M, Quintas R, Boldt C, Raggi A, Cieza A, Bickenbach JE, Leonardi M (2011) Systematic literature review on ICF from 2001 to 2009: its use, implementation and operationalisation. Disabil Rehabil 33:281–309

Cianci AM, Schaubroeck JM, Mcgill GA (2010) Achievement goals, feedback, and task performance. Hum Perform 23:131–154

Cieza A, Ewert T, Ustun TB, Chatterji S, Kostanjsek N, Stucki G (2004) Development of ICF core sets for patients with chronic conditions. J Rehabil Med:9–11

Cieza A, Fayed N, Bickenbach J, Prodinger B (2016) Refnements of the ICF linking rules to strengthen their potential for establishing comparability of health information. Disabil Rehabil:1–10

Cytrynbaum S, Ginath Y, Birdwell J, Brandt L (1979) Goal attainment scaling:a critical review. Eval Q 3:5–40

Epping-Jordan JE, Pruitt SD, Bengoa R, Wagner EH (2004) Improving the quality of health care for chronic conditions. Qual Saf Health Care 13:299–305

Garin O, Ayuso-Mateos J, Almansa J, Nieto M, Chatterji S, Vilagut G, Alonso J, Cieza A, Svetskova O, Burger H, Racca V, Francescutti C, Vieta E, Kostanjsek N, Raggi A, Leonardi M, Ferrer M, CONSORTIUM, M (2010) Validation of the “World Health Organization disability assessment schedule, WHODAS-2” in patients with chronic diseases. Health Qual Life Outcomes 8:51

Geyh S, Cieza A, Schouten J, Dickson H, Frommelt P, Omar Z, Kostanjsek N, Ring H, Stucki G (2004) ICF core sets for stroke. J Rehabil Med:135–141

Hurn J, Kneebone I, Cropley M (2006) Goal setting as an outcome measure: a systematic review. Clin Rehabil 20:756–772

Kerr S, Lepelley D (2013) Stretch goals: risks, possibilities, and best practices. In: Locke EA, Latham GP (eds) New developments in goal setting and task performance, 1st edn. Routledge, New York, London

Kiresuk TJ, Sherman RE (1968) Goal attainment scaling: a general method for evaluating comprehensive community mental health programs. Community Ment Health J 4:443–453

Levack WM, Weatherall M, Hay-Smith EJ, Dean SG, McPherson K, Siegert RJ (2015) Goal setting and strategies to enhance goal pursuit for adults with acquired disability participating in rehabilitation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 7:CD009727

Locke EA, Latham GP (1990) A theory of goal setting & task performance. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ

Locke EA, Latham GP (2002) Building a practically useful theory of goal setting and task motivation. A 35-year odyssey. Am Psychol 57:705–717

Locke EA, Latham GP (2013a) Goal setting theory: the current state. In: Locke EA, Latham GP (eds) New developments in goal setting and task performance, 1st edn. Routledge, New York, London

Locke EA, Latham GP (2013b) New developments in goal setting and task performance. London, Routledge, New York

Maribo T, Petersen KS, Handberg C, Melchiorsen H, Momsen AM, Nielsen CV, Leonardi M, Labriola M (2016) Systematic literature review on ICF from 2001 to 2013 in the Nordic countries focusing on clinical and rehabilitation context. J Clin Med Res 8:1–9

McPherson K, Kayes N, Kersten P (2014) MEANING as a smarter approach to goals in rehabilitation. In: Siegert RJ, Levack WMM (eds) Rehabilitation goal setting: theory, practice and evidence. Taylor & Francis Group, London

Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine (2009). Levels of Evidence (March 2009). Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine. https://www.cebm.ox.ac.uk/resources/levels-of-evidence/oxfordcentre-for-evidence-based-medicine-levels-of-evidence-march-2009. Accessed 20.09.2020.

Palmer K, Marengoni A, Forjaz MJ, Jureviciene E, Laatikainen T, Mammarella F, Muth C, Navickas R, Prados-Torres A, Rijken M, Rothe U, Souchet L, Valderas J, Vontetsianos T, Zaletel J, Onder G, Joint Action on Chronic, D. & Promoting Healthy Ageing Across the life, C (2018) Multimorbidity care model: recommendations from the consensus meeting of the joint action on chronic diseases and Promoting healthy ageing across the life cycle (JA-CHRODIS). Health Policy 122:4–11

Plant SE, Tyson SF, Kirk S, Parsons J (2016) What are the barriers and facilitators to goal-setting during rehabilitation for stroke and other acquired brain injuries? A systematic review and meta-synthesis. Clin Rehabil 30:921–930

Platz T (2017). Practice guidelines in neurorehabilitation. Neurology International Open. 1(3): E148–E152. https://doi.org/110.1055/s-0043-103057

Raggi A, Leonardi M, Cabello M, Bickenbach JE (2010) Application of ICF in clinical settings across Europe. Disabil Rehabil 32(Suppl 1):S17–S22

Rosewilliam S, Roskell CA, Pandyan AD (2011) A systematic review and synthesis of the quantitative and qualitative evidence behind patient-centred goal setting in stroke rehabilitation. Clin Rehabil 25:501–514

Schlote A, Richter M, Wunderlich MT, Poppendick U, Möller C, Schwelm K, Wallesch CW (2009) WHODAS II with people after stroke and their relatives. Disabil Rehabil 31:855–864

Schünemann H, Brożek J, Guyatt G, Oxman A, editors (2013) GRADE handbook for grading quality of evidence and strength of recommendations. Updated October 2013. The GRADE Working Group. Available from www.guidelinedevelopment.org/handbook

Scobbie L, Dixon D, Wyke S (2011) Goal setting and action planning in the rehabilitation setting: developed and implemented a theory-based Goal setting and Action Planning framework. Clin Rehabil 25:468–482

Scobbie L et al (2013) Implementing a framework for goal setting in community based stroke rehabilitation: a process evaluation. BMC Health Serv Res 13(1):190

Sniehotta FF, Schwarzer R, Scholz U, Schüz B (2005) Action planning and coping planning for long-term lifestyle change: theory and assessment. Eur J Soc Psychol 35:565–576

Sniehotta FF, Presseau J, Allan J, Araujo-Soares V (2016) “you Can’t always get what you want”: a novel research paradigm to explore the relationship between multiple intentions and behaviours. Appl Psychol Health Well Being 8(2):258–275

Strasser DC, Falconer JA, Herrin JS, Bowen SE, Stevens AB, Uomoto J (2005) Team functioning and patient outcomes in stroke rehabilitation. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 86:403–409

Strasser DC, Falconer JA, Stevens AB, Uomoto JM, Herrin J, Bowen SE, Burridge AB (2008) Team training and stroke rehabilitation outcomes: a cluster randomized trial. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 89:10–15

Stroke Unit Trialists C (2013) Organised inpatient (stroke unit) care for stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013(9):CD000197

Sugavanam T, Mead G, Bulley C, Donaghy M, Van Wijck F (2013) The effects and experiences of goal setting in stroke rehabilitation—a systematic review. Disabil Rehabil 35:177–190

Teasell R, Hussein N (2016) Background concepts in stroke rehabilitation. In: Teasell R, Foley N, Hussein N, Speechley M (eds) Evidence-based review of stroke rehabilitation, 17th edn. London, Ontario, Canada, Sockit Solutions

Teasell R, Foley N, Hussein N, Cotoi A (2016a) The effcacy of stroke rehabilitation. In: Teasell R, Richardson M, Allen L, Hussein N (eds) Evidence-based review of stroke rehabilitation, 17th edn. London, Sockit Solutions

Teasell R, Foley N, Hussein N, Speechley M (2016b) The elements of stroke rehabilitation. In: Teasell R, Foley N, Hussein N, Speechley M (eds) Evidence-based review of stroke rehabilitation, 17th edn. London, Ontario, Canada, Sockit Solutions

Tempest S, Harries P, Kilbride C, De Souza L (2012) To adopt is to adapt: the process of implementing the ICF with an acute stroke multidisciplinary team in England. Disabil Rehabil 34:1686–1694

Tempest S, Harries P, Kilbride C, De Souza L (2013) Enhanced clarity and holism: the outcome of implementing the ICF with an acute stroke multidisciplinary team in England. Disabil Rehabil 35:1921–1925

Tennant A (2007) Goal attainment scaling: current methodological challenges. Disabil Rehabil 29:1583–1588

Turner-Stokes L (2009) Goal attainment scaling (GAS) in rehabilitation: a practical guide. Clin Rehabil 23:362–370

Turner-Stokes L, Williams H (2010) Goal attainment scaling: a direct comparison of alternative rating methods. Clin Rehabil 24:66–73

Turner-Stokes L, Williams H, Johnson J (2009) Goal attainment scaling: does it provide added value as a person-centred measure for evaluation of outcome in neurorehabilitation following acquired brain injury? J Rehabil Med 41:528–535

Tyson S, Greenhalgh J, Long AF, Flynn R (2010) The use of measurement tools in clinical practice: an observational study of neurorehabilitation. Clin Rehabil 24:74–81

Tyson SF, Burton L, McGovern A (2014a) Multi-disciplinary team meetings in stroke rehabilitation: an observation study and conceptual framework. Clin Rehabil 28:1237–1247

Tyson SF, Burton LJ, McGovern A, Sharif S (2014b) Service users’ views of the assessment process in stroke rehabilitation. Clin Rehabil 28:824–831

Tyson SF, Burton L, McGovern A (2015) The effect of a structured model for stroke rehabilitation multi-disciplinary team meetings on functional recovery and productivity: a phase I/II proof of concept study. Clin Rehabil 29:920–925

UN (2007) Convention on the rights of persons with disabilities and optional protocol. United Nations, New York

Ustun TB, Chatterji S, Kostanjsek N, Rehm J, Kennedy C, Epping-Jordan J, Saxena S, Von Korff M, Pull C, Project, W. N. J (2010) Developing the World Health Organization disability assessment schedule 2.0. Bull World Health Organ 88:815–823

Wade DT (2009) Goal setting in rehabilitation: an overview of what, why and how. Clin Rehabil 23:291–295

Wagner EH (1998) Chronic disease management: what will it take to improve care for chronic illness? Eff Clin Pract 1:2–4

Wagle J, Farner L, Flekkøy K, Wyller T, Sandvik L, Fure B, et al (2011). Early post-stroke cognition in stroke rehabilitation patients predicts functional outcome at 13 months. Dementia and geriatric cognitive disorders 31;379–387. https://doi.org/10.1159/000328970

WHO (2001) International classifcation of functioning, disability and health: ICF. World Health Organization, Geneva

WHO (2017) International Classifcation of Health Interventions (ICHI) - Beta [online]. World Health Organisation (WHO), Geneva. http://www.who.int/classifcations/ichi/en/. Accessed 11 Dec 2018

WHO & UNESCO (2010) Community-based rehabilitation: CBR guidelines. World Health Organization, Geneva

Wood JP, Connelly DM, Maly MR (2010) ‘Getting back to real living’: a qualitative study of the process of community reintegration after stroke. Clin Rehabil 24:1045–1056

Wood RE, Whelan J, Sojo V, Wong M (2013) Goals, goal orientations, strategies, and performance. In: Locke EA, Latham GP (eds) New developments in goal setting and task performance, 1st edn. Routledge, New York, London

Woodman P, Riazi A, Pereira C, Jones F (2014) Social participation post stroke: a metaethnographic review of the experiences and views of community-dwelling stroke survivors. Disabil Rehabil 36:2031–2043

Yen T-H, Liou T-H, Chang K-H, Wu N-N, Chou L-C, Chen H-C (2014) Systematic review of ICF core set from 2001 to 2012. Disabil Rehabil 36:177–184

Bai Y, Xia X, Kang J, Yang Y, He J, Li X (2017) TDCS modulates cortical excitability in patients with disorders of consciousness. NeuroImage Clin 15:702–709

Bayne T, How J, Owen AM (2017) Reforming the taxonomy in disorders of consciousness. Ann Neurol 82(6):866–87

Bender A, Jox RJ, Straube A, Lulé D (2015) Persistent vegetative state and minimally conscious state. A systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic procedures. Dtsch Arztebl Int 112:235–242

Blume C, del Giudice R, Wislowska M, Lechinger J, Schabus M (2015) Across the consciousness continuum—from unresponsive wakefulness to sleep. Front Hum Neurosci 9:105 Bodien YG, Chatelle C, Edlow BL (2017) Functional networks in disorders of consciousness. Semin Neurol 37(5):485–502

Bruno MA, Vanhaudenhuyse TA, Moonen G, Laureys S (2011) From unresponsive wakefulness to minimally conscious PLUS and functional locked-in syndromes: recent advances in our understanding of disorders of consciousness. J Neurol 258(7):1373–1384

Casarotto S, Comaducci A, Rosanova M (2016) Stratifcation of unresponsive patients by an independently validated index of brain complexity. Ann Neurol 80:718–729

De Tanti A, Zampolini M, Pregno S, on behalf of the CC3 Group (2015) Recommendations for clinical practice and research in severe brain injury in intensive rehabilitation: the Italian consensus conference. Eur J Rehabil Med 51:89–103

Di Perri C, Stender J, Laureys S, Gosseries O (2014) Functional neuroanatomy of disorders of consciousness. Epilepsy Behav 30:28–32

Eapen BC, Georgekutty J, Subbarao B, Bavishi S, Cifu DX (2017) Disorders of consciousness. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am 28:245–258

Estraneo A, Moretta P, Loreto V, Lanzillo B, Cozzolino A, Saltalamacchia A, Lullo F, Santoro L, Trojano L (2013) Predictors of recovery of responsiveness in prolonged anoxic vegetative state. Neurology 80:464–470

Francois B, Vacher P, Roustan J, Salle JY, Vidal J, Moreau JJ, Vignon P (2001) Intrathecal baclofen after traumatic brain injury: early treatment using a new technique to prevent spasticity. J Trauma 50:158–161

Georgiopoulos M, Katsakiori P, Kafalopoulou Z, Ellul J, Chroni E, Constantoyannis C (2010) Vegetative state and minimally conscious state: a review of the therapeutic interventions. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 88:199–207

Giacino JT, Whyte J, Bagiella E, Kalmar K, Child N, Khademi A, Eifert B, Long D, Katz DI, Cho S, Yablon SA, Luther M, Hammond FM, Nordenbo A, Novak P, Mercer W, Maurer-Karattup S, Sherer M (2012) Placebo controlled trial of amantadine for severe traumatic brain injury. N Engl J Med 366:819–826

Giacino JT, Katz DI, Whyte J (2013) Neurorehabilitation in disorders of consciousness. Semin Neurol 33:142–156

Giacino JT, Fins JJ, Laureys S, Schiff ND (2014) Disorders of consciousness after acquired brain injury: the state of the science. Nat Rev Neurol 10(2):99–114

Giacino JT, Katz DI, Schiff ND, Whyte J, Ashman EJ, Ashwal S, Barbano R, Hammond F, Laureys S, Ling GSF, Nakase-Richardson R, Seel RT, Yabloon S, Getchius TSD, Gronseth GS, Armstrong MJ (2018a) Practice guideline update recommendations summary: disorders of consciousness. Neurology 91(10):450–460

Giacino JT, Katz DI, Schiff ND, Whyte J, Ashman EJ, Ashwal S, Barbano R, Hammond F, Laureys S, Ling GSF, Nakase-Richardson R, Seel RT, Yabloon S, Getchius TSD, Gronseth GS, Armstrong MJ (2018b) Comprehensive systematic review update summary: disorders of consciousness. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 99:1710–1719

Gosseries O, Charland-Verville V, Thonnard M, Bodard O, Laureys S, Demertzi D (2014) Amantadine, Apomorphine and Zolpidem in the treatment of disorders of consciousness. Curr Pharm Des 20:4167–4184

Habbal D, Gosseries O, Noirhomme Q (2014) Volitional electromyografc responses in disorders of consciousness. Brain Inj 28:1171–1179

Hannawi Y, Lindquist MA, Caffo BS, Sair HI, Stevens RD (2015) Resting brain activity in disorders of consciousness. A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurology 84:1272–1280

Hauger SL, Schanke A-K, Andersson S, Chatelle C, Schnakers C, Løvstad M (2017) The clinical diagnostic utility of electrophysiological techniques in assessment of patients with disorders of consciousness following acquired brain injury: a systematic review. J Head Trauma Rehabil 32(3):185–196

He F, Wu M, Meng F, Hu Y, Gao J, Chen Z, Bao W, Liu K, Luo B, Pan G (2018) Effects of 20 Hz repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on disorders of consciousness: a resting-state electroencephalography study. Neural Plast 25:5036184

Hodelìn-Tablada R (2016) Minimally conscious state: evolution of concept, diagnosis and treatment. MEDICC Rev 18(4):43–46

Horsting MWB, Franken MD, Meulenbelt J, van Klei WA, de Lange DW (2015) The etiology and outcome of non-traumatic coma in critical care: a systematic review. BMC Anesthesiol 15:65

Kable AK, Pich J, Maslin-Prothero SE (2012) A structured approach to documenting a search strategy for publication: a 12-step guideline for authors. Nurse Educ Today 32(8):878–886

King J, Faugeras F, Gramfort A (2013) Single-trial decoding of auditory novelty responses facilitates the detection of residual consciousness. Neuroimage 83:726–738

Kondziella D, Friberg CK, Frokjaer VG, Fabricius M, Møller K (2016) Preserved consciousness in vegetative and minimal conscious states: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 87:485–492

Krewer C, Luther M, Koenig E, Müller F (2015) Tilt table therapies for patients with severe disorders of consciousness: a randomized, controlled trial. PLoS One 10(12):e0143180

Laureys S, Owen AM, Schiff ND (2004) Brain function in coma, vegetative state, and related disorders. Lancet Neurol 3(9):537–546

Laureys S, Celesia GG, Cohadon F, Lavrijsen J, Léon-Carrion J, Sanita WG, Sazbon L, Schmutzhard E, von Wil KR, Zeman A, Dolce G (2010) Unresponsive wakefulness syndrome: a new name for the vegetative state or apallic syndrome. BMC Med 8:68

Lombardi F, Taricco M, De Tanti A, Telaro E, Liberati A (2002) Sensory stimulation for brain injured individuals in coma or vegetative state. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2002(2):CD001427

Luauté J, Maucort-Boulch D, Tell L (2010) Long-term outcomes of chronic minimally conscious and vegetative state. Neurology 75:246–252

Magrassi L, Maggioni G, Pistarini C, Di Perri C, Bastianelle S, Zippo AG, Iotti GA, Biella GE, Imberti R (2016) Results of a prospective study (CATS) on effects of talami stimulation in minimally conscious and vegetative state patients. J Neurosurg 125(4):972–981

Margetis K, Korfas SI, Gatzonis S, Boutos N, Stranjalis G, Boviatsis E, Sakas DE (2014) Intrathecal baclofen associated with improvements of consciousness disorders in spasticity patients. Neuromodulation 17:699–704

Martens G, Laureys S, Thibaut A (2017) Spasticity management in disorders of consciousness. Brain Sci 7(12):E162

Mother D, Shamseer L, Clarke M (2015) Preferred reporting items for systematic review and metaanalysis protocols (PRISMA-P). Syst Rev 4:1

Owens D, Lohr K, Atkins D, Treadwell JR, Reston JT, Bass EB, Chang S, Helfand M (2010) AHRQ Series Paper 5: Grading the strength of a body of evidence when comparing medical interventions: AHRQ and the Effective Health Care Program. J Clin Epidemiol 63: 513–523

O’Donnel JC, Browne KD, Kilbaugh TJ, Chen HI, Whyte J, Cullen DK (2019) Challenges and demand for modeling disorders of consciousness following traumatic brain injury. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 98:336–346

Peterson A, Cruse D, Naci L, Weijer C, Owen AM (2015) Risk, diagnostic error, and the clinical science of consciousness. NeuroImage Clin 7:588–597

Pignat JM, Johr J, Diserens K (2015) From disorders of consciousness to early Neurorehabilitation using assistive technologies in patients with severe brain injury. Curr Opin Neurol 28:587–594

Pistarini C, Maggioni G (2018) Early rehabilitation od disorders of consciousness (DOC): management, neuropsychological evaluation and treatment. Neuropsychol Rehabil 28(8): 1319–1330

Platz T (2017) Practice guidelines in neurorehabilitation. Neurol Int Open 01(03):E148–E152. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0043-103057

Rollnik JD, Altenmuller E (2014) Music in disorders of consciousness. Front Neurosci 8:190

Schünemann H, Brożek J, Guyatt G, Oxman A (2013) GRADE handbook for grading quality of evidence and strength of recommendations. The GRADE Working Group. Updated October 2013. www.guidelinedevelopment.org/handbook

Seel TR, Sherer M, Whyte J, Katz DI, Giacino JT, Rosenbaum AM, Hammond FM, Kalmar K, Pape TLB, Zafonte R, Biester RC, Kaelin D, Kean J, Zaslr N (2010) Assessment scales for disorders of consciousness: evidence-based recommendations for clinical practice and research. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 91(12):1795–1813

Seel TR, Douglas J, Dennison AC, Heaner S, Harris K, Rogers C (2013) Specialized early treatment for persons with disorders of consciousness: program components and outcomes. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 94(10):1908–1923

Shrestha P, Malla H, Pant B, Taira T (2011) Intrathecal baclofen therapy in severe brain injury, frst time in Nepal, a technique suitable for underdeveloped countries. Asian J Neurosurg 6:49–51

Sitt JD, King JR, Karoui IEI (2014) Large scale screening of neural signature of consciousness in patients in a vegetative state or minimally conscious state. Brain J Neurol 137(8):2258–2270

Thibaut A, Deltombe T, Wannez S, Gosseries O, Ziegler E, Dieni C, Deroy M, Laureys S (2015) Impact of soft splints on upper limb spasticity in chronic patients with disorders of consciousness: a randomized single-blind, controller trial. Brain Inj 29:830–836

Van Erp WS, Lavrijsen JCM, van de Laar FA, Vos PE, Laureys S, Koopmans RTCM (2014) The vegetative state/unresponsive wakefulness syndrome: a systematic review of prevalence studies. Eur J Neurol 21(11):1361–1368

Wade DT (2018) How often is the diagnosis of the permanent vegetative state incorrect? A review of the evidence. Eur J Neurol 25:619–625

Whyte J, Myers R (2009) Incidence of clinically signifcant responses to zolpidem among patients with disorders of consciousness: a preliminary placebo-controlled trial. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 88(5):410–418

Woimant F, Biteye Y, Chaine P, Crozier S (2014) Severe stroke: which medicine for which results? Annales Francaises d’Anesthésie et de Réanimation 33:102–109

Wolf CA, Wijdicks EFM, Bamlet WR, McClelland RL (2007) Further validation of the FOUR score coma scale by intensive care nurses. Mayo Clin Proc 82:435–438

Yamamoto T, Katayama Y, Kobayashi K, Oshima H, Fukaya C, Tsubokawa T (2010) Deep brain stimulation for the treatment of vegetative state. Eur J Neurosci 32(7):1145–1151

Aviv JE (2000) Prospective, randomized outcome study of endoscopy versus modifed barium swallow in patients with dysphagia. Laryngoscope 110:563–574

Bath PM, Scutt P, Love J et al (2016) Pharyngeal electrical stimulation for treatment of dysphagia in subacute stroke. Stroke 47(6):1562–1570

Bax L, McFarlane M, Green E, Miles A (2014) Speech–language pathologist-led fberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing: functional outcomes for patients after stroke. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 23(3):e195–e200

Boddice G, Brauer S, Gustafsson L, Kenardy J, Hoffmann T (2010) National Stroke Foundation: Clinical Guidelines for Stroke Management 2010. Melbourne, Australia: National Stroke Foundation, ISSBN0-978-0-9805933-3-4

Carnaby G, Hankey GJ, Pizzi J (2006) Behavioural intervention for dysphagia in acute stroke: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet Neurol 5(1):31–37

Chen YW, Chang KH, Chen HC, Liang WM, Wang YH, Lin YN (2016) The effects of surface neuromuscular electrical stimulation on post-stroke dysphagia: a systemic review and metaanalysis. Clin Rehabil 30(1):24–35

Daniels SK, Brailey K, Priestly DH, Herrington LR, Weisberg LA, Foundas AL (1998) Aspiration in patients with acute stroke. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 79:14–19

Dennis MS, Lewis SC, Warlow C, FOOD Trial Collaboration (2005) Effect of timing and method of enteral tube feeding for dysphagic stroke patients (FOOD): a multicentre randomised controlled trial. Lancet 365:764–772

Ding R, Logemann JA (2000) Pneumonia in stroke patients: a retrospective study. Dysphagia 15:51–57

Doggett DL, Tappe KA, Mitchell MD, Chapell R, Coates V, Turkelson CM (2001) Prevention of pneumonia in elderly stroke patients by systematic diagnosis and treatment of dysphagia: an evidence-based comprehensive analysis of the literature. Dysphagia 16:279–295

Falsetti P, Acciai C, Palilla R et al (2009) Oropharyngeal dysphagia after stroke: incidence, diagnosis, and clinical predictors in patients admitted to a neurorehabilitation unit. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 18:329–335

Foley N, Teasell R, Salter K, Kruger E, Martino R (2008) Dysphagia treatment post stroke: a systematic review of randomised controlled trials. Age Ageing 37:258–264

Galovic M, Leisi N, Müller M, Weber J, Abela E, Kägi G, Weder B (2013) Lesion location predicts transient and extended risk of aspiration after supratentorial ischemic stroke. Stroke 44(10):2760–2767

Geeganage C, Beavan J, Ellender S, Bath PM (2012) Interventions for dysphagia and nutritional support in acute and subacute stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 10:CD000323

Hamdy S, Aziz Q, Rothwell JC et al (1996) The cortical topography of human swallowing musculature in health and disease. Nat Med 2:1217–1224

Hamdy S, Rothwell JC, Aziz Q, Thompson DG (2000) Organization and reorganization of human swallowing motor cortex: implications for recovery after stroke. Clin Sci (Lond) 99:151–157

Han TR, Paik N-J, Park JW (2001) Quantifying swallowing function after stroke: a functional dysphagia scale based on videofuoroscopic studies. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 82:677–682

Hebert D, Lindsay MP, McIntyre A et al (2016) Canadian stroke best practice recommendations: stroke rehabilitation practice guidelines, update 2015. Int J Stroke 11:459–484

Hinchey JA, Shephard T, Furie K, Smith D, Wang D, Tonn S (2005) Formal dysphagia screening protocols prevent pneumonia. Stroke 36:1972–1976

Hummel FC, Cohen LG (2006) Non-invasive brain stimulation: a new strategy to improve neurorehabilitation after stroke? Lancet Neurol 5:708–712

Joundi RA, Martino R, Saposnik G, Giannakeas V, Fang J, Kapral MK (2017a) Dysphagia screening after intracerebral hemorrhage. Int J Stroke 1:1747493017729265

Joundi RA, Martino R, Saposnik G, Giannakeas V, Fang J, Kapral MK (2017b) Predictors and outcomes of dysphagia screening after acute ischemic stroke. Stroke 48:900–906

Kertscher B, Speyer R, Palmieri M, Plant C (2014) Bedside screening to detect oropharyngeal dysphagia in patients with neurological disorders: an updated systematic review. Dysphagia 29:204–212

Kim DY, Kim YH, Lee J et al (2016) Clinical practice guideline for stroke rehabilitation in Korea 2016. Brain Neurorehabil 10(Suppl 1)

Kjaersgaard A, Nielsen LH, Sjölund BH (2014) Randomized trial of two swallowing assessment approaches in patients with acquired brain injury: facial-oral tract therapy versus fbreoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing. Clin Rehabil 28:243–253

Lakshminarayan K, Tsai AW, Tong X et al (2010) Utility of dysphagia screening results in predicting poststroke pneumonia. Stroke 41:2849–2854

Leigh JH, Lim JY, Han M-K, Bae HJ, Kim WS, Paik NJ (2016) A prospective comparison between bedside swallowing screening test and videofuoroscopic swallowing study in post-stroke dysphagia. Brain Neurorehabil 9:e7

Liao X, Xing G, Guo Z et al (2017) Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation as an alternative therapy for dysphagia after stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Rehabil 31:289–298

Martino R, Foley N, Bhogal S, Diamant N, Speechley M, Teasell R (2005) Dysphagia after stroke: incidence, diagnosis, and pulmonary complications. Stroke 36:2756–2763

Palli C, Fandler S, Doppelhofer K et al (2017) Early dysphagia screening by trained nurses reduces pneumonia rate in stroke patients: a clinical intervention study. Stroke 48:2583–2585

Perlman AL (1996) Dysphagia in stroke patients. Semin Neurol 16:341–348

Perry L, Love CP (2001) Screening for dysphagia and aspiration in acute stroke: a systematic review. Dysphagia 16:7–18

Pisegna JM, Kaneoka A, Pearson WG, Kumar S, Langmore SE (2016) Effects of non-invasive brain stimulation on post-stroke dysphagia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Clin Neurophysiol 127:956–968

Rossi S, Hallett M, Rossini PM, Pascual-Leone A, Safety of TMS Consensus Group (2009) Safety, ethical considerations, and application guidelines for the use of transcranial magnetic stimulation in clinical practice and research. Clin Neurophysiol 120:2008–2039

Scannapieco FA, Bush RB, Paju S (2003) Associations between periodontal disease and risk for nosocomial bacterial pneumonia and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. A systematic review. Ann Periodontol 8:54–69

Schepp SK, Tirschwell DL, Miller RM, Longstreth W (2011) Swallowing screens after acute stroke. Stroke 43(3):869–871

Singh S, Hamdy S (2006) Dysphagia in stroke patients. Postgrad Med J 82:383–391

Sjögren P, Nilsson E, Forsell M, Johansson O, Hoogstraate J (2008) A systematic review of the preventive effect of oral hygiene on pneumonia and respiratory tract infection in elderly people in hospitals and nursing homes: effect estimates and methodological quality of randomized controlled trials. J Am Geriatr Soc 56:2124–2130

Smith L (2010) Management of Patients with Stroke: rehabilitation, prevention and Management of Complications, and discharge planning: a National Clinical Guideline. SIGN

Smithard D, O’Neill P, Park C, Morris J, Wyatt R, England R, Martin D (1996) Complications and outcome after acute stroke. Stroke 27:1200–1204

Sørensen RT, Rasmussen RS, Overgaard K, Lerche A, Johansen AM, Lindhardt T (2013) Dysphagia screening and intensified oral hygiene reduce pneumonia after stroke. J Neurosci Nurs 45:139–146

Wagner C, Marchina S, Deveau JA, Frayne C, Sulmonte K, Kumar S (2016) Risk of strokeassociated pneumonia and oral hygiene. Cerebrovasc Dis 41:35–39

Warnecke T, Im S, Kaiser C, Hamacher C, Oelenberg S, Dziewas R (2017) Aspiration and dysphagia screening in acute stroke—the Gugging swallowing screen revisited. Eur J Neurol 24:594–601

Wilson RD, Howe EC (2012) A cost-effectiveness analysis of screening methods for dysphagia after stroke. PM&R 4:273–282 Winstein CJ, Stein J, Arena R et al (2016) Guidelines for adult stroke rehabilitation and recovery. Stroke 47:e98–e169

Yang SN, Pyun S-B, Kim HJ, Ahn HS, Rhyu BJ (2015) Effectiveness of non-invasive brain stimulation in dysphagia subsequent to stroke: a systemic review and meta-analysis. Dysphagia 30:383–391

Ye Q, Xie Y, Shi J, Xu Z, Ou A, Xu N (2017) Systematic review on acupuncture for treatment of dysphagia after stroke. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2017:6421852

Zhang JH, Wang D, Liu M (2014) Overview of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of acupuncture for stroke. Neuroepidemiology 42:50–58

Zhang M, Tao T, Zhang Z-B et al (2016) Effectiveness of neuromuscular electrical stimulation on patients with dysphagia with medullary infarction. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 97:355–362

Almhdawi KA, Mathiowetz VG, White M, delMas RC (2016) Effcacy of occupational therapy task-oriented approach in upper extremity post-stroke rehabilitation. Occup Ther Int 23:444–456

Andringa A, van de Port I, van Wegen E, Ket J, Meskers C, Kwakkel G (2019) Effectiveness of Botulinum toxin treatment for upper limb spasticity Poststroke over different ICF domains: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 100:1703–1725

Appel C, Perry L, Jones F (2014) Shoulder strapping for stroke-related upper limb dysfunction and shoulder impairments: systematic review. NeuroRehabilitation 35:191–204

Arya KN, Verma R, Garg RK, Sharma VP, Agarwal M, Aggarwal GG (2012) Meaningful taskspecific training (MTST) for stroke rehabilitation: a randomized controlled trial. Top Stroke Rehabil 19:193–211

Arya KN, Pandian S, Kumar D, Puri V (2015) Task-based Mirror therapy augmenting motor recovery in poststroke hemiparesis: a randomized controlled trial. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 24:1738

Ashworth B (1964) Preliminary trial of carisoprodol in multiple sclerosis. Practitioner 192:540–542

Barclay-Goddard RE, Stevenson TJ, Poluha W, Thalman L (2011) Mental practice for treating upper extremity defcits in individuals with hemiparesis after stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev (5):CD005950

Blennerhassett J, Dite W (2004) Additional task-related practice improves mobility and upper limb function early after stroke: a randomised controlled trial. Aust J Physiother 50(4):219–224

Bohannon RW (1997) Reference values for extremity muscle strength obtained by handheld dynamometry from adults aged 20 to 79 years. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 78(1):26–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0003-9993(97)90005-8

Bohannon RW, Smith MB (1987) Inter-rater reliability of a modifed Ashworth scale of muscle spasticity. Phys Ther 67:206–207

Bürge E, Kupper D, Finckh A, Ryerson S, Schnider A, Leemann B (2008) Neutral functional realignment orthosis prevents hand pain in patients with subacute stroke: a randomized trial. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 89:1857–1862

Cai Y, Zhang CS, Liu S, Wen Z, Zhang AL, Guo X, Lu C, Xue CC (2017) Electroacupuncture for poststroke spasticity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 98:2578–2589

Cauraugh JH, Naik SK, Lodha N, Coombes SA, Summers JJ (2011) Long-term rehabilitation for chronic stroke arm movements: a randomized controlled trial. Clin Rehabil 25:1086–1096

Chen JC, Liang CC, Shaw FZ (2005) Facilitation of sensory and motor recovery by thermal intervention for the hemiplegic upper limb in acute stroke patients: a single-blind randomized clinical trial. Stroke 36:2665–2669

Corbetta D, Sirtori V, Castellini G, Moja L, Gatti R (2015) Constraint-induced movement therapy for upper extremities in people with stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev (10):CD004433

Corti M, McGuirk TE, Wu SS, Patten C (2012) Differential effects of power training versus functional task practice on compensation and restoration of arm function after stroke. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 26:842–854

Demeurisse G, Demol O, Robaye E (1980) Motor evaluation in vascular hemiplegia. Eur Neurol 19:382–389

Desrosiers J, Hebert R, Dutil E, Bravo G (1993) Development and reliability of an upper extremity function test for the elderly: the TEMPA. Can J Occup Ther 60:9–16

Desrosiers J, Bravo G, Herbert R, Dutil E, Mercier L (1994) Validation of the box and block test as a measure of dexterity of elderly people: reliability, validity, and norms studies. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 75:751–755

Desrosiers J, Malouin F, Bourbonnais D, Richards CL, Rochette A, Bravo G (2003) Arm and leg impairments and disabilities after stroke rehabilitation: relation to handicap. Clin Rehabil 17:666–673

Elsner B, Kugler J, Pohl M, Mehrholz J (2016) Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) for improving activities of daily living, and physical and cognitive functioning, in people after stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev (3):CD009645

Elsner B, Kwakkel G, Kugler J, Mehrholz J (2017) Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) for improving capacity in activities and arm function after stroke: a network meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. J Neuroeng Rehabil 14:95

Feigin VL, Lawes CM, Bennett DA, Anderson CS (2003) Stroke epidemiology: a review of population-based studies of incidence, prevalence, and case-fatality in the late 20th century. Lancet Neurol 2:43–53

Foley N, Pereira S, Salter K, Fernandez MM, Speechley M, Sequeira K, Miller T, Teasell R (2013) Treatment with Botulinum toxin improves upper-extremity function post stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 94:977–989

French B, Thomas LH, Coupe J, McMahon NE, Connell L, Harrison J, Sutton CJ, Tishkovskaya S, Watkins CL (2016) Repetitive task training for improving functional ability after stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev (11):CD006073

Fugl-Meyer AR, Jaasko L, Leyman IL, Olsson S, Steglind S (1975) The post-stroke hemiplegic patient. I A method for evaluation of physical performance. Scand J Rehabil Med 7:13–31

Han C, Wang Q, Pp M, Mz Q (2013) Effects of intensity of arm training on hemiplegic upper extremity motor recovery in stroke patients: a randomized controlled trial. Clin Rehabil 27:75–81

Harris JE, Eng JJ, Miller WC, Dawson AS (2009) A self-administered Graded Repetitive Arm Supplementary Program (GRASP) improves arm function during inpatient stroke rehabilitation: a multi-site randomized controlled trial. Stroke 40(6):2123–2128

Harris JEH, Eng JJ (2010) Strength training improves upper-limb function in individuals with stroke. a meta-analysis. Stroke 41:136–140

Hunter SM, Hammett L, Ball S, Smith N, Anderson C, Clark A et al (2011) Dose-response study of mobilisation and tactile stimulation therapy for the upper extremity early after stroke: a phase I trial. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 25(4):314–322

Israely S, Carmeli E (2016) Error augmentation as a possible technique for improving upper extremity motor performance after a stroke—a systematic review. Top Stroke Rehabil 23:116–125

Kellor M, Frost J, Silberberg N (1971) Hand strength and dexterity. Am J Occup Ther 25:77–83

Kiper P, Agostini M, Luque-Moreno C, Tonin P, Turolla A (2014) Reinforced feedback in virtual environment for rehabilitation of upper extremity dysfunction after stroke: preliminary data from a randomized controlled trial. Biomed Res Int 2014:752128

Kwah LK, Herbert RD (2016) Prediction of walking and arm recovery after stroke: a critical review. Brain Sci 6:4

Kwakkel G, Veerbeek JM, van Wegen EEH, Wolf SL (2015) Constraint-induced movement therapy after stroke. Lancet Neurol 14:224–234

Kwakkel G, Wagenaar RC, Twisk JW, Lankhorst GJ, Koetsier JC (1999) Intensity of leg and arm training after primary middle-cerebral-artery stroke: a randomised trial. Lancet 354:191–196

Langhorne P, Coupar F, Pollock A (2009) Motor recovery after stroke: a systematic review. Lancet Neurol 8:741–754

Laver KE, Schoene D, Crotty M, George S, Lannin NA, Sherrington C (2013) Telerehabilitation services for stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev (12):CD010255

Laver KE, Lange B, George S, Deutsch JE, Saposnik G, Crotty M (2017) Virtual reality for stroke rehabilitation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 11:CD008349

Levin MF, Kleim JA, Wolf SL (2009) What do motor “recovery” and “compensation” mean in patients following stroke? Neurorehabil Neural Repair 23:313–319

Lincoln NB, Leadbetter D (1979) Assessment of motor function in stroke function. Physiotherapy 65:48–51

Lyle RC (1981) A performance test for assessment of upper limb function in physical rehabilitation treatment and research. Int J Rehabil Res 4:483–492

Magee WL, Clark I, Tamplin J, Bradt J (2017) Music interventions for acquired brain injury. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 1(1):CD006787

Medical Research Council (1975) Aids to the investigation of peripheral nerve injuries. Medical Research Council, HMSO, London

Mehrholz J, Pohl M, Platz T, Kugler J, Elsner B (2018) Electromechanical and robot-assisted arm training for improving activities of daily living, arm function, and arm muscle strength after stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 9(9):CD006876

Mercier L, Audet T, Herbert R, Rochette A, Dubois MF (2001) Impact of motor, cognitive, and perceptual disorders on the ability to perform activities of daily living after stroke. Stroke 32:2602–2608

Mihara M, Hattori N, Hatakenaka M, Yagura H, Kawano T, Hino T, Miyai I (2013) Near-infrared spectroscopy-mediated Neurofeedback enhances effcacy of motor imagery-based training in Poststroke victims: a pilot study. Stroke 44:1091–1098

Momosaki R, Yamada N, Ota E, Abo M (2017) Repetitive peripheral magnetic stimulation for activities of daily living and functional ability in people after stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 6(6):CD011968

Nakayama H, Jorgensen HS, Raaschou HO, Olsen TS (1994) Recovery of upper extremity function in stroke patients: the Copenhagen study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 75:394–398

Nijland R, Kwakkel G, Bakers J, van Wegen E (2011) Constraint-induced movement therapy for the upper paretic limb in acute or sub-acute stroke: a systematic review. Int J Stroke 6:425–433

Pang MY, Harris JE, Eng JJ (2006) A community-based upper-extremity group exercise program improves motor function and performance of functional activities in chronic stroke: a randomized controlled trial. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 87(1):1–9

Platz T (2017) Practice guidelines in neurorehabilitation. Neurol Int Open 1:E148–E152

Platz T, Winter T, Müller N, Pinkowski C, Eickhof C, Mauritz K-H (2001) Arm ability training for stroke and traumatic brain injury patients with mild arm paresis. A single-blind, randomized, controlled trial. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 82:961–968

Platz T, Eickhof C, van Kaick S, Engel U, Pinkowski C, Kalok S, Pause M (2005) Impairmentoriented training or Bobath therapy for arm paresis after stroke: a single blind, multi-centre randomized controlled trial. Clin Rehabil 19:714–724

Platz T, Vuadens P, Eickhof C, Arnold P, Van Kaick S, Heise K (2008) REPAS, a summary rating scale for resistance to passive movement: item selection, reliability and validity. Disabil Rehabil 30:44–53

Platz T, van Kaick S, Mehrholz J, Leidner O, Eickhof C, Pohl M (2009) Best conventional therapy versus modular impairment-oriented training (IOT) for arm paresis after stroke: a single blind, multi-Centre randomized controlled trial. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 23:706–716

Platz T, Elsner B, Mehrholz J (2015) Arm basis training and arm ability training: two impairmentoriented exercise training techniques for improving arm function after stroke (protocol). Cochrane Database Syst Rev (9):CD011854

Pollock A, Farmer SE, Brady MC, Langhorne P, Mead GE, Mehrholz J et al (2014) Interventions for improving upper limb function after stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev Issue 11. Art.No.: CD010820

Pollock A, St George B, Fenton M, Firkins L (2014a) Top 10 research priorities relating to life after stroke—consensus from stroke survivors, caregivers, and health professionals. Int J Stroke 9:313–320

Pollock A, Farmer SE, Brady MC, Langhorne P, Mead GE, Mehrholz J, van Wijck F (2014b) Interventions for improving upper limb function after stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2014(11):CD010820

Pomeroy VM, Hunter SM, Johansen-Berg H, Ward NS, Kennedy N, Chandler E, Weir CJ, Rothwell J, Wing A, Grey M, Barton G, Leavey N (2018) Functional strength training versus movement performance therapy for upper limb motor recovery early after stroke: a RCT. NIHR Journals Library, Southampton

Prange GB, Kottink AI, Buurke JH, Eckhardt MM, van Keulen-Rouweler BJ, Ribbers GM, Rietman JS (2015) The effect of arm support combined with rehabilitation games on upperextremity function in subacute stroke: a randomized controlled trial. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 29:174–182

Ramos-Murguialday A, Broetz D, Rea M, Läer L, Yilmaz Ö, Brasil FL, Liberati G, Curado MR, Garcia-Cossio E, Vyziotis A, Cho W, Agostini M, Soares E, Soekadar S, Caria A, Cohen LG, Birbaumer N (2013) Brain-machine Interface in chronic stroke rehabilitation: a controlled study. Ann Neurol 74:100–108

Rossi S, Hallett M, Rossini PM, Pascual-Leone A (2009) Safety, ethical considerations, and application guidelines for the use of transcranial magnetic stimulation in clinical practice and research. Clin Neurophysiol 120:2008–2039

Schünemann H, Brożek J, Guyatt G, Oxman A, editors (2013) GRADE handbook for grading quality of evidence and strength of recommendations. Updated October 2013. The GRADE Working Group. Available from http://www.guidelinedevelopment.org/handbook

Sehatzadeh S (2015) Effect of Increased Intensity of Physiotherapy on Patient Outcomes After Stroke: An Evidence-Based Analysis. Ont Health Technol Assess Ser 15(6):1–42

Shindo K, Fujiwara T, Hara J, Oba H, Hotta F, Tsuji T, Hase K, Liu M (2011) Effectiveness of hybrid assistive neuromuscular dynamic stimulation therapy in patients with subacute stroke: a randomized controlled pilot trial. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 25:830–837

Stinear CM, Petoe MA, Anwar S, Barber PA, Byblow WD (2014) Bilateral priming accelerates recovery of upper limb function after stroke: a randomized controlled trial. Stroke 45:205–210

Stinear CM, Byblow WD, Ackerley SJ, Barber PA, Smith MC (2017) Predicting recovery potential for individual stroke patients increases rehabilitation efficiency. Stroke 48:1011–1019

Taub E, Miller NE, Novack TA, Cook EW, Fleming WC, Nepomuceno CS et al (1993) Technique to improve chronic motor defcit after stroke. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 74:347–354

Taub E, Uswatte G, Mark VW, Morris DM, Barman J, Bowman MH, Bryson C, Delgado A, BishopMcKary S (2013) Method for enhancing real-world use of a more affected arm in chronic stroke: transfer package of constraint-induced movement therapy. Stroke 44:1383–1388

Thieme H, Morkisch N, Mehrholz J, Pohl M, Behrens J, Borgetto B, Dohle C (2018) Mirror therapy for improving motor function after stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 7(7):CD008449

Timmermans AA, Lemmens RJ, Monfrance M, Geers RP, Bakx W, Smeets RJ et al (2014) Effects of task-oriented robot training on arm function, activity, and quality of life in chronic stroke patients: a randomized controlled trial. J Neuroeng Rehabil 11:45

Tyson S, Wilkinson J, Thomas N, Selles R, McCabe C, Tyrrell P et al (2015) Phase II pragmatic randomized controlled trial of patient-led therapies (mirror therapy and lower-limb exercises) during inpatient stroke rehabilitation. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 29:818–826

Vafadar AK, Côté JN, Archambault PS (2015) Effectiveness of functional electrical stimulation in improving clinical outcomes in the upper arm following stroke: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Biomed Res Int 2015:729768

Veerbeek JM, van Wegen E, van Peppen R, van der Wees PJ, Hendriks E et al (2014) What is the evidence for physical therapy poststroke? A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 9(2):e87987

Veerbeek JM, Langbroek-Amersfoort AC, van Wegen EE, Meskers CG, Kwakkel G (2017) Effects of robot-assisted therapy for the upper limb after stroke. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 31:107–121

Vloothuis JD, Mulder M, Veerbeek JM, Konijnenbelt M, Visser-Meily JM, Ket JC, Kwakkel G, van Wegen EE (2016) Caregiver-mediated exercises for improving outcomes after stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 12(12):CD011058

Wang CP, Tsai PY, Yang TF, Yang KY, Wang CC (2014) Differential effect of conditioning sequences in coupling inhibitory/facilitatory repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for poststroke motor recovery. CNS. Neurosci Ther 20:355–363

Ward NS, Cohen LG (2004) Mechanisms underlying recovery of motor function after stroke. Arch Neurol 61:1844–1848 Wee SK, Hughes AM, Warner M, Burridge JH (2014) Trunk restraint to promote upper extremity recovery in stroke patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 28:660–677

Winstein CJ, Rose DK, Tan SM, Lewthwaite R, Chui HC, Azen SP (2004) A randomized controlled comparison of upper-extremity rehabilitation strategies in acute stroke: A pilot study of immediate and long-term outcomes. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 85(4):620–628

Wolf SL, Catlin PA, Ellis M, Archer AL, Morgan B, Piacentino A (2001) Assessing Wolf Motor function test as outcome measure for research in patients after stroke. Stroke 32:1635–1639

Wolf SL, Sahu K, Bay RC, Buchanan S, Reiss A, Linder S et al (2015) The HAAPI (home arm assistance progression initiative) trial: a novel robotics delivery approach in stroke rehabilitation. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 29:958–968

Wu HC, Lin YC, Hsu MJ, Liu SH, Hsieh CL, Lin JH (2010) Effect of thermal stimulation on upper extremity motor recovery 3 months after stroke. Stroke 41:2378–2380

Xiang H, Sun J, Tang X, Zeng K, Wu X (2019) The effect and optimal parameters of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on motor recovery in stroke patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Clin Rehabil 33:847–864

Yoo GE, Kim SJ (2016) Rhythmic auditory cueing in motor rehabilitation for stroke patients: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Music Ther 53:149–177

Zhang L, Xing G, Fan Y, Guo Z, Chen H, Mu Q (2017) Short- and long-term effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on upper limb motor function after stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Rehabil 31:1137–1153

Zhuang LX, Xu SF, D'Adamo CR, Jia C, He J, Han DX, Lao LX (2012) An effectiveness study comparing acupuncture, physiotherapy, and their combination in poststroke rehabilitation: a multicentered, randomized, controlled clinical trial. Altern Ther Health Med 18:8–14

AHA/ASA Guideline (2016) Guidelines for adult stroke rehabilitation and recovery. A guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke 47:e98–e169. https://doi.org/10.1161/STR.0000000000000098

APTA Guideline (2020) Clinical practice guideline to improve locomotor function following chronic stroke, incomplete spinal cord injury, and brain injury. Academy of Neurologic Physical Therapy. JNPT 44:49–100

AVERT Trial Collaboration Group, Bernhardt J, Langhorne P, Lindley RI, Thrift AG, Ellery F, Collier J, Churilov L, Moodie M, Dewey H, Donnan G (2015) Effcacy and safety of very early mobilisation within 24 h of stroke onset (AVERT): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 386:46–55

Canadian Guideline (2019) Rehabilitation and recovery following stroke module 2019. Canadian stroke best practice reecommendations, 2019. Heart and Stroke Foundation, Ottawa, ON

Chan DY, Chan CC, Au DK (2006) Motor relearning programme for stroke patients: a randomized controlled trial. Clin Rehabil 20(3):191–200

de Seze MP, Bonhomme C, Daviet JC, Burguete E, Machat H, Rousseaux M, Mazaux JM (2011) Effect of early compensation of distal motor defciency by the chignon ankle-foot orthosis on gait in hemiplegic patients: a randomized pilot study. Clin Rehabil 25(11):989–998

Dias D, Lains J, Pereira A, Nunes R, Caldas J, Amaral C et al (2007) Can we improve gait skills in chronic hemiplegics? A randomised control trial with gait trainer. Eura Medicophys 43(4):499–504

 Dohle C, Tholen R, Wittenberg H, Quintern J, Saal S, Stephan KM (2016) Evidence-based rehabilitation of mobility after stroke. [Article in German]. Nervenarzt 87(10):1062–1067. https:// doi.org/10.1007/s00115-016-0188-8

Duncan P, Studenski S, Richards L, Gollub S, Lai SM, Reker D et al (2003) Randomized clinical trial of therapeutic exercise in subacute stroke. Stroke 34(9):2173–2180

Duncan PW, Sullivan KJ, Behrman AL, Azen SP, Wu SS, Nadeau SE et al (2011) Body-weightsupported treadmill rehabilitation after stroke. N Engl J Med 364(21):2026–2036. https://doi. org/10.1056/NEJMoa1010790

Eich HJ, Mach H, Werner C, Hesse S (2004) Aerobic treadmill plus Bobath walking training improves walking in subacute stroke: a randomized controlled trial. Clin Rehabil 18(6):640–651

Erel S, Uygur F, Engin SI, Yakut Y (2011) The effects of dynamic ankle-foot orthoses in chronic stroke patients at three-month follow-up: a randomized controlled trial. Clin Rehabil 25(6):515–523

Gordon NF, Gulanick M, Costa F, Fletcher G, Franklin BA, Roth EJ, Shephard T (2004) Physical activity and exercise recommendations for stroke survivors: an American Heart Association scientific statement from the council on clinical cardiology, subcommittee on exercise, cardiac rehabilitation, and prevention; the council on cardiovascular nursing; the council on nutrition, physical activity, and metabolism; and the stroke council. Circulation 109(16):2031–2041

Hardwick RM, Caspers S, Eickhoff SB, Swinnen SP (2018) Neural correlates of action: comparing meta-analyses of imagery, observation, and execution. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 94:31–44

Humm JL, Kozlowski DA, James DC, Gotts JE, Schallert T (1998) Use-dependent exacerbation of brain damage occurs during an early post-lesion vulnerable period. Brain Res 783:286–292

Jorgensen HS, Nakayama H, Raaschou HO, Vive-Larsen J, Stoier M, Olsen TS (1995) Outcome and time course of recovery in stroke. Part I: outcome. The Copenhagen Stroke Study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 76(5):399–405

Katz-Leurer M, Shochina M, Carmeli E, Friedlander Y (2003) The infuence of early aerobic training on the functional capacity in patients with cerebrovascular accident at the subacute stage. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 84(11):1609–1614

KNGF Guideline (2014) Royal Dutch Society for physical therapy (Koninklijk Nederlands Genootschap voor Fysiotherapie, KNGF)

Kottink AI, Hermens HJ, Nene AV, Tenniglo MJ, van der Aa HE, Buschman HP, Ijzerman MJ (2007) A randomized controlled trial of an implantable 2-channel peroneal nerve stimulator on walking speed and activity in poststroke hemiplegia. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 88(8):971–978

Kwakkel G, Kollen B, Twisk J (2006) Impact of time on improvement of outcome after stroke. Stroke 37(9):2348–2353

Marzolini S, Robertson AD, Oh P, Goodman JM, Corbett D, Du X, MacIntosh BJ (2019) Aerobic training and mobilization early post-stroke: cautions and consideration. Front Neurol 10:article 1187

McClellan R, Ada L (2004) A six-week, resource-effcient mobility program after discharge from rehabilitation improves standing in people affected by stroke: placebo-controlled, randomised trial. Aust J Physiother 50(3):163–167

Mehrholz J, Pohl M (2012) Electromechanical-assisted gait training after stroke: a systematic review comparing end-effector and exoskeleton devices. J Rehabil Med 44(3):193–199

Mehrholz J, Elsner B, Werner C, Kugler J, Pohl M (2013) Electromechanical-assisted training for walking after stroke: updated evidence. Stroke 44(10):e127–e128

Mehrholz J, Thomas S, Werner C, Kugler J, Pohl M, Elsner B (2017) Electromechanical-assisted training for walking after stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 5:CD006185. https://doi. org/10.1002/14651858.CD006185

Nave AH, Rackoll T, Grittner U et al (2019) Physical fttness training in patients with subacute stroke (PHYS-STROKE): multicentre, randomised controlled, endpoint blinded trial. BMJ 366:I5101

Noh DK, Lim JY, Shin HI, Paik NJ (2008) The effect of aquatic therapy on postural balance and muscle strength in stroke survivors--a randomized controlled pilot trial. Clin Rehabil 22(10–11):966–976

Norrving B, Kissela B (2013) The global burden of stroke and need for a continuum of care. Neurol 80(Suppl 2):S5–S12. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0b013e3182762397

Outermans JC, Van Peppen RP, Wittink H, Takken T, Kwakkel G (2010) Effects of a high-intensity task-oriented training on gait performance early after stroke: a pilot study. Clin Rehabil 24(11): 979–987

Paolucci S, Antonucci G, Guariglia C, Magnotti L, Pizzamiglio L, Zoccolotti P (1996) Facilitatory effect of neglect rehabilitation on the recovery of left hemiplegic stroke patients: a cross-over study. J Neurol 243(4):308–314

Peurala SH, Airaksinen O, Huuskonen P, Jakala P, Juhakoski M, Sandell K et al (2009) Effects of intensive therapy using gait trainer or foor walking exercises early after stroke. J Rehabil Med 41(3):166–173

Pittock SJ, Moore AP, Hardiman O, Ehler E, Kovac M, Bojakowski J et al (2003) A double-blind randomised placebo-controlled evaluation of three doses of botulinum toxin type a (Dysport) in the treatment of spastic equinovarus deformity after stroke. Cerebrovasc Dis 15(4): 289–300

Pohl M, Mehrholz J, Ritschel C, Ruckriem S (2002) Speed-dependent treadmill training in ambulatory hemiparetic stroke patients: a randomized controlled trial. Stroke 33(2):553–558

Pohl M, Werner C, Holzgraefe M, Kroczek G, Mehrholz J, Wingendorf I, Hoölig G, Koch R, Hesse S (2007) Repetitive locomotor training and physiotherapy improve walking and basic activities of daily living after stroke: a single-blind, randomized multicentre trial (DEutsche GAngtrainerStudie, DEGAS). Clin Rehabil 21:17–27

ReMoS Arbeitsgruppe, Dohle C, Quintern J, Saal S, Stephan KM, Tholen R, Wittenberg H (2015) S2e-Leitlinie Rehabilitation der Mobilität nach Schlaganfall (ReMoS). Neurol Rehabil 21(7):355–494

Saeys W, Vereeck L, Truijen S, Lafosse C, Wuyts FP, Heyning PV (2012) Randomized controlled trial of truncal exercises early after stroke to improve balance and mobility. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 26(3):231–238

Saunders DH, Greig CA, Mead GE, Young A (2009) Physical ftness training for stroke patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev (4):CD003316 Schauer M, Mauritz KH (2003) Musical motor feedback (MMF) in walking hemiparetic stroke patients: randomized trials of gait improvement. Clin Rehabil 17(7):713–722

Spaich EG, Svaneborg N, Jorgensen HR, Andersen OK (2014) Rehabilitation of the hemiparetic gait by nociceptive withdrawal refex-based functional electrical therapy: a randomized, singleblinded study. J Neuroeng Rehabil 11(81)

Stephan KM, Fink GR, Passingham RE, Silbersweig D, Ceballos-Baumann AO, Frith CD, Frackowiak RS (1995) Functional anatomy of the mental representation of upper extremity movements in healthy subjects. J Neurophysiol 73(1):373–386

Stephan KM, Thaut MH, Wunderlich G, Schicks W, Tian B, Tellmann L, Schmitz T, Herzog H, McIntosh GC, Seitz RJ, Hömberg V (2002) Conscious and subconscious sensorimotor synchronization—prefrontal cortex and the infuence of awareness. Neuroimage 15(2):345–352

Thaut MH, McIntosh GC, Rice RR (1997) Rhythmic facilitation of gait training in hemiparetic stroke rehabilitation. J Neurol Sci 151(2):207–212

Thijssen DH, Paulus R, van Uden CJ, Kooloos JG, Hopman MT (2007) Decreased energy cost and improved gait pattern using a new orthosis in persons with long-term stroke. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 88(2):181–186

Verma R, Arya KN, Garg RK, Singh T (2011) Task-oriented circuit class training program with motor imagery for gait rehabilitation in poststroke patients: a randomized controlled trial. Top Stroke Rehabil 18(Suppl 1):620–632

Yan T, Hui-Chan CW, Li LS (2005) Functional electrical stimulation improves motor recovery of the lower extremity and walking ability of subjects with frst acute stroke: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Stroke 36(1):80–85

Al Harbi M, Armijo-Olivo S, Kim E (2017) Transcranial direct current stimulation (Tdcs) to improve naming ability in post stroke aphasia: a critical review. Behav Brain Res 322:7–15 Al-Khawaja I, Wade D, Collin C (1996) Bedside screening for aphasia: a comparison of two methods. J Neurol 243:201–204

Allen L, Mehta S, McClure J et al (2012) Therapeutic interventions for aphasia initiated more than six months post stroke: a review of the evidence. Top Stroke Rehabil 19(6):523–535

Baker C, Worrall L, Rose M, Hudson K, Ryan B, O’Byrne L (2017) A systematic review of rehabilitation interventions to prevent and treat depression in post-stroke aphasia. Disabil Rehabil 19:1–23

Ballard K, Wambaugh J, Duffy J et al (2015) Treatment for acquired apraxia of speech: a systematic review of intervention research between 2004 and 2012. Am J Speech Lang Pathol 24(2):316–337

Baxter S, Enderby P, Evans P, Judge S (2012) Barriers and facilitators to the use of high-technology augmentative and alternative communication devices: a systematic review and qualitative synthesis. Int J Lang Commun Disord 47(2):115–129

Brady M, Kelly H, Godwin J et al (2016) Speech and language therapy for aphasia following stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev (5):CD000425

Brady M, Ali M, VandenBerg K, Williams LJ et al (2020) RELEASE: a protocol for a systematic review based, individual participant data, meta- and network meta-analysis, of complex speech-language therapy interventions for stroke-related aphasia. Aphasiology 34(2):137–157

Breitenstein C, Grewe T, Flöel A et al (2017) Intensive speech and language therapy in patients with chronic aphasia after stroke: a randomised, open-label, blinded-endpoint, controlled trial in a health-care setting. Lancet 389:1528–1538

Choi Y, Park H, Ahn K et al (2015) A telescreening tool to detect aphasia in patients with stroke. Telemed E Health 21:729–734

Darley F, Aronson A, Brown J (1975) Motor speech disorders. Saunders, Philadeliphia Doesborgh S, van de Sandt-Koenderman W, Dippel D et al (2003) Linguistic defcits in the acute phase of stroke. J Neurol 250:977–982

Elsner B, Kugler J, Pohl M, Mehrholz J (2015) Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) for improving aphasia in patients with aphasia after stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev (5):CD009760

Enderby P, Wood V, Wade D et al (1987) The Frenchay aphasia screening test: a short, simple test for aphasia appropriate for non-specialists. Int Rehabil Med 8:166–170

Faroqi Shah Y, Kling T, Solomon J, Liu S, Park G, Braun A (2013) Lesion analysis of language production defcits in aphasia. Aphasiology 28:258–277

Flamand-Roze C, Falissard B, Roze E et al (2011) Validation of a new language screening tool for patients with acute stroke: the language screening test (LAST). Stroke 42:1224–1229

Flowers H, Silver F, Fang J et al (2013) The incidence, co-occurrence, and predictors of dysphagia, dysarthria, and aphasia after frst-ever acute ischemic stroke. J Commun Disord 46:238–248

Godecke E, Hird K, Lalor E et al (2012) Very early poststroke aphasia therapy: a pilot randomized controlled effcacy trial. Int J Stroke 7(8):635–644 Greener J, Enderby P, Whurr R (2001) Pharmacological treatment for aphasia following stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev (4):CD000424

Hachioui H, Visch-Brink E, de Lau L et al (2017) Screening tests for aphasia in patients with stroke: a systematic review. J Neurol 246(2):211–220Kim H, Kim J, Kim D et al (2011) Differentiating between aphasic and non-aphasic stroke patients using semantic verbal fuency measures with administration time of 30 seconds. Eur Neurol 65:113–117

Lefaucheur JP, Andre-Obadia N, Antal A et al (2014) Evidence-based guidelines on the therapeutic use of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS). Clin Neurophysiol 125:2150–2206

Lekoubou A, Gleichgerrcht E, McGrattan K et al (2015) Aphasia in multilingual individuals: the importance of bedside premorbid language profciency assessment. eNeurol Sci 1(1): 1–2

Li Y, Qu Y, Yuan M et al (2015) Low frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for patients with aphasia after stroke: a meta-analysis. J Rehabil Med 47(8):678–681

Marshall J, Booth T, Devane N et al (2016) Evaluating the benefts of aphasia of aphasia intervention delivered in virtual reality: results of a quasi-randomised controlled study. PLoS One 11(8):e0160381

Mitchell C, Bowen A, Tyson S et al (2017) Interventions for dysarthria due to stroke and other adult-acquired, non-progressive brain injury. Cochrane Database Syst Rev (1):CD002088

Nakase-Thompson R, Manning E, Sherer M et al (2005) Brief assessment of severe language impairments: initial validation of the Mississippi aphasia screening test. Brain Inj 19:685–691

Owens DK, Lohr KN, Atkins D, Treadwell JR, Reston JT, Bass EB, Chang S, Helfand M (2010) AHRQ series paper 5: grading the strength of a body of evidence when comparing medical interventions--agency for healthcare research and quality and the effective health-care program. J Clin Epidemiol 63:513–523

Palmer R, Enderby P (2007) Methods of speech therapy treatment for stable dysarthria: a review. Adv Speech Lang Pathol 9(2):140–153

Palmer R, Dimairo M, Cooper C, Enderby P, Brady M, Bowen A et al (2019) Self-managed, computerised speech and language therapy for patients with chronic aphasia post-stroke compared with usual care or attention control (big CACTUS): a multicentre, single-blinded, randomised controlled trial. Lancet Neurol 18(9):821–833

Platz T (2017) Practice guidelines in neurorehabilitation. Neurol Int Open 1:E148–E152 Pulvermuller F, Neininger B, Elbert T et al (2001) Constraint induced therapy of chronic aphasia after stroke. Stroke 32:1621

Schünemann H, Brożek J, Guyatt G, Oxman A (2013) GRADE handbook for grading quality of evidence and strength of recommendations. The GRADE Working Group. Updated October 2013. www.guidelinedevelopment.org/handbook Shak-Basak P, Wurzman R, Purcell J et al (2016) Fields or fows? A comparative meta-analysis of transcranial magnetic and direct current stimulation to treat post stroke aphasia. Restor Neurol Neurosci 34(4):537–558

Simmons-Mackie N, Raymer A, Cherney L (2016) Communication partner training in aphasia: an updated systematic review. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 97(12):2202–2221

Simmons-Mackie N, Worrall L, Murray L et al (2017) The top ten: best practice recommendations for aphasia. Aphasiology 31(2):131–151

Teasell R, Foley N, Salter K et al (2016) The stroke rehabilitation evidence-based review, 17th edn. Canadian Stroke Network, Ottawa

Thommessen B, Thoresen G, Bautz-Holter E et al (1999) Screening by nurses for aphasia in stroke—the Ullevaal aphasia screening (UAS) test. Disabil Rehabil 21:110–115

van Dijk MJ, de Man-van Ginkel JM, Hafsteinsdóttir TB, Schuurmans MJ (2016) Identifying depression post-stroke in patients with aphasia: a systematic review of the reliability, validity and feasibility of available instruments. Clin Rehabil 30(8):795–810. https://doi.org/ 10.1177/0269215515599665

Varley R, Cowell P, Dyson L et al (2016) Self-administered computer therapy for apraxia of speech: two –period randomized control trial with crossover. Stroke 47(3):822–828

West C, Hesketh A, Vail A et al (2005) Interventions for apraxia of speech following stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev (4):CD004298

WHO (2001) International Classifcation of Functioning, Disability, and Health: ICF.  World Health Organization, Geneva

Worrall L, Hoffmann T, Power E, Togher L, Rose M (2016) Reducing the psychosocial impact of aphasia on mood and quality of life in people with aphasia and the impact of caregiving in family members through the aphasia. Trials 17:153

Zhang J, Wei CZ et al (2016) Piracetam for aphasia in post stroke patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. CNS Drugs 30(70):575–587

Zhang J, Yu J, Bao Y et al (2017) Constraint-induced aphasia therapy in post-stroke aphasia rehabilitation: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. PLoS One 12(8):e0183349

Zheng C, Lynch L, Taylor N (2016) Effect of computer therapy in aphasia: a systematic review. Aphasiology 30(2–3):211–244

Aimola L, Lane AL, Smith DT, Kerkhoff G, Ford G, Schenk T (2014) Effcacy and feasibility of a home-based computer training for individuals with homonymous visual feld defects. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 28:207–218

Alford VM, Ewen S, Webb GR, McGinley J, Brookes A, Remedios LJ (2015) The use of the International Classifcation of Functioning, Disability and Health to understand the health and functioning experiences of people with chronic conditions from the person perspective: a systematic review. Disabil Rehabil 37:655–666

Azouvi P, Samuel C, Louis-Dreyfus A, Bernati T, Bartolomeo P, Beis J-M, Chokron S, Leclercq M, Marchal F, Martin Y, De Montety G, Olivier S, Perennou D, Pradat-Diehl P, Prairial C, Rode G, Siéroff E, Wiart L, Rousseaux M, French Collaborative Study Group on Assessment of Unilateral Neglect (GEREN/GRECO) (2002) Sensitivity of clinical and behavioural tests of spatial neglect after right hemisphere stroke. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 73:160–166

Azouvi P, Olivier S, De Montety G, Samuel C, Louis-Dreyfus A, Tesio L (2003) Behavioural assessment of unilateral neglect: study of the psychometric properties of the Catherine Bergego Scale. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 84:51–57

Azouvi P, Bartolomeo P, Beis JM, Perennou D, Pradat-Diehl P, Rousseaux M (2006) A battery of tests for the quantitative assessment of unilateral neglect. Restor Neurol Neurosci 24:273–285

 Barton JJS, Black S (1998) Line bisection in hemianopia. J Neurol Neurochir Psychiatr 64(5):660–662

Bickerton W-L, Samson D, Williamson J, Humphreys GW (2011) Separating forms of neglect using the Apples Test: validation and functional prediction in chronic and acute stroke. Neuropsychology 25:567–580

Biousse V, Newman NJ (2009) Neuro-opthalmology illustrated. Thieme, New York Bouwmeester L, Heutink J, Lucas C (2007) The effect of visual training for patients with visual feld defects due to brain damage: a systematic review. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 78(6):555–564

Bowen A, Hazelton C, Pollock A, Lincoln NB (2013) Cognitive rehabilitation for spatial neglect following stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013(7):CD003586

Caramazza A, Hillis AE (1990) Levels of representation, co-ordinate frames, and unilateral neglect. Cogn Neuropsychol 7(5–6):391–445

Cazzoli D, Muri RM, Schumacher R et al (2012) Theta burst stimulation reduces disability during the activities of daily living in spatial neglect. Brain 135:3426–3429

De Haan G, Heutink J, Melis-Dankers BJM, Tucha O, Brouwer W (2014) Spontaneous recovery and treatment effecs in patients with homonymous visual feld defects: a meta-analysis of existing literature in terms of the ICF framework. Surv Ophthalmol 59:77–96

De Haan G, Melis-Dankers BJ, Brouwer WH, Bredewoud RA, Tucha O, Heutink J (2015) The effects of compensatory scanning training on mobility in patients with homonymous visual feld defects: a randomized controlled trial. PLoS One 10(8):e134459

Gialanella B, Monguzzi V, Santoro R, Rocchi S (2005) Functional recovery after hemiplegia in patients with neglect: the rehabilitative role of anosognosia. Stroke 36:2687–2690

Gossmann A, Kastrup A, Kerkhoff G, Herrero CL, Hildebrandt H (2013) Prism adaptation improves ego-centered but not allocentric neglect in early rehabilitation patients. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 27:534–541

Guyatt GH, Oxman AD, Vist GE, Kunz R, Falck-Ytter Y, Alonso-Coello P, Schünemann JJ (2008) GRADE: an emerging consensus on rating quality of evidence and strength of recommendation. BMJ 336:924–926

Harvey M, Hood B, North A, Robertson IH (2003) The effects of visuomotor feedback training on the recovery of hemispatial neglect symptoms: assessment of a 2-week and follow-up intervention. Neuropsychologia 41:886–893

Hesse C, Lane AR, Aimola L, Schenk T (2012) Pathways involved in human conscious vision contribute to obstacle-avoidance behaviour. Eur J Neurosci 36:2383–2390 Hillis AE, Rapp B, Benzing L, Caramazza A (1998) Dissociable coordinate frames of unilateral spatial neglect: “viewer-centered” neglect. Brain Cogn 37(3):491–526

Husain M (2008) Hemispatial neglect. In: Goldenberg G, Miller BV (eds) Handbook of clinical neurology. Elsevier B.V., Amsterdam, pp 359–372

Ivanov IV, Kuester S, MacKeben M, Krumm A, Haaga M, Staudt M, Cordey A, Gehrlich C, Martus P, Trauzettel-Klosinski S (2019) Effects of visual search training in children with hemianopia. PLoS One 13(7):e0197285

Jackowski MM, Sturr JF, Taub HA, Turk MA (1996) Photophobia in patients with traumatic brain injury—uses of light-fltering lenses to enhance contrast sensitivity and reading rate. NeuroRehabilitation 6:193–201

Jehkonen M, Laihosalo M, Kettunen J (2006a) Anosognosia after stroke: assessment, occurrence, subtypes and impact on functional outcome reviewed. Acta Neurol Scand 114:293–306

Jehkonen M, Laihosalo M, Kettunen JE (2006b) Impact of neglect on functional outcome after stroke: a review of methodological issues and recent research fndings. Restor Neurol Neurosci 24:209–215

Jenkinson PM, Preston C, Ellis SJ (2011) Unawareness after stroke: a review and practical guide to understanding, assessing, and managing anosognosia for hemiplegia. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 33:1079–1093

Kalra L, Perez I, Gupta S, Wittink M (1997) The infuence of visual neglect on stroke rehabilitation. Stroke 28:1386–1391

Kapoor N, Ciuffreda KJ (2002) Vision disturbances following traumatic brain injury. Curr Treat Options Neurol 4:271–280

Karnath HO, Rennig J, Johannsen L, Rorden C (2011) The anatomy underlying acute versus chronic spatial neglect: a longitudinal study. Brain 134:903–912

Kasten E, Wüst S, Behrens-Baumann W, Sabel BA (1998) Computer-based training for the treatment of partial blindness. Nat Med 4:1083–1087

Keller I, Lefn-Rank (2010) Improvement of visual search after audiovisual exploration training in hemianopic patients. Neurorehabil and Neural Repair 24:666–673

Kerkhoff G (1993) Displacement of the egocentric visual midline in altitudinal postchiasmatic scotomata. Neuropsychologia 31:261–265

Kerkhoff G, Münßinger U, Meier EK (1994) Neurovisual rehabilitation in cerebral blindness. Arch Neurol 51:474–481

Kerkhoff G (1999) Restorative and compensatory therapy approaches in cerebral blindness—a review. Restor Neurol Neurosci 15(2–3):255–271

Kerkhoff G (2000) Neurovisual rehabilitation: recent developments and future directions. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 68:691–706

Kerkhoff G (2001) Hemispatial neglect in man. Prog Neurobiol 63:1–27

Kerkhoff G (2010) Evidenczbasierte Verfahren in der neurovisuellen Rehabilitation. Neurol Rehabil 16:82–90 Kerkhoff G, Schenk T (2011) Line bisection in homonymous visual feld defects—recent fndings and future directions. Cortex 47(1):53–58

Kerkhoff G, Schenk T (2012) Rehabilitation of neglect: an update. Neuropsychologia 6:1072–1079

Kerkhoff G, Munssinger U, Haaf E, Eberle-Strauss G, Stogerer E (1992a) Rehabilitation of homonymous scotomata in patients with postgeniculate damage of the visual system: saccadic compensation training. Restor Neurol Neurosci 4(4):245–254

Kerkhoff G, Münßinger U, Eberle-Strauss G, Stögerer E (1992b) Rehabilitation of hemianopic alexia in patients with postgeniculate visual feld disorders. Neuropsychol Rehabil 2(1):21–42

Kerkhoff G, Reinhart S, Ziegler W, Artinger F, Marquardt C, Keller I (2013) Smooth pursuit eye movement training promotes recovery from auditory and visual neglect: a randomized controlled study. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 27:789–798

Kerkhoff G, Bucher L, Brasse M et al (2014) Smooth pursuit “bedside” training reduces disability and unawareness during the activities of daily living in neglect. A randomized controlled trial. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 28:554–563

Kerr NM, Chew SS, Eady EK, Gamble GD, Danesh-Meyer HV (2010) Diagnostic accuracy of confrontation visual feld tests. Neurology 74(15):1184–1190

Koch G, Bonnì S, Giacobbe V, Bucchi G, Basile B, Lupo F, Versace V, Bozzali M, Caltagirone C (2012) Theta-burst stimulation of the left hemisphere accelerates recovery of hemispatial neglect. Neurology 78:24–30

Lane A, Smith DT, Elison A, Schenk T (2010) Visual exploration training is no better than attention training for treating hemianopia. Brain 133(6):1717–1728

Lexell J, Brogårdh C (2015) The use of ICF in the neurorehabilitation process. NeuroRehabilitation 36:5–9

Lezak MD, Howieson E, Bigler E, Tranel D (2004) Neuropsychological assessment. Oxford University Press, New York Luvizutto GJ, Bazan R, Braga GP, Resende LA, Bazan SG, El Dib R (2015) Pharmacological interventions for unilateral spatial neglect after stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2015(11):CD010882

Machner B, Sprenger A, Sander T, Heide W, Kimmig H, Helmchen C et al (2009) Visual search disorders in acute and chronic homonymous hemianopia: lesion effects and adaptive strategies. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1164:419–426

Mödden C, Behrens M, Damke I, Eilers N, Kastrup A, Hildebrandt H (2012) A randomized controlled trial comparing 2 interventions for visual feld loss with standard occupational therapy during inpatient stroke rehabilitation. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 26(5):463–469

Nelles G, Esser J, Eckstein A, Tiede A, Gerhard H, Diener HC (2001) Compensatory visual feld training for patients with hemianopia after stroke. Neurosci Lett 306:189–192

Neumann G, Schaadt AK, Reinhart S, Kerkhoff G (2016) Clinical and psychometric evaluations of the cerebral vision screening questionnaire in 461 nonaphasic individuals poststroke. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 30:187–198

Nijboer TC, Kollen BJ, Kwakkel G (2013) Time course of visuospatial neglect early after stroke: a longitudinal cohort study. Cortex 49:2021–2027

Pambakian AL, Mannan SK, Hodgson TL, Kennard C (2004) Saccadic visual search training: a treatment for patients with homonymous hemianopia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 75(10):1443–1448

Paolucci S, Antonucci G, Guariglia C, Magnotti L, Pizzamiglio L, Zoccolotti P (1996) Facilitatory effect of neglect rehabilitation on the recovery of left hemiplegic stroke patients—a cross-over study. J Neurol 243:308–314

Pizzamiglio L, Antonucci G, Judica A, Montenero P, Razzano C, Zoccolotti P (1992) Cognitive rehabilitation of the hemineglect disorder in chronic patients with unilateral right brain damage. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 14:901–923

Pizzamiglio L, Vallar G, Magnotti L (1996) Transcutaeneous electrical stimulation of the neck muscles and hemineglect rehabilitation. Rest Neur Neurosi 10:197–203

Platz T (2017) Practice guidelines in neurorehabilitation. Neurology International Open 1:E148–E152

Polanowska K, Seniow J, Paprot E, Lesniak M, Czlonkowska A (2009) Left-hand somatosensory stimulation combined with visual scanning training in rehabilitation for post-stroke hemineglect: a randomised, double-blind study. Neuropsychol Rehabil 19:364–382

Pollock A, Zazelton C, Henderson CA, Angilley J, Dhillon B, Lanthorne P, Livingstone K, Munro FA, Heather O, Row F, Shahani U (2012) Interventions for visual feld defects in patients with stroke. Stroke 43:e37–e38

Ptak R, Di PM, Schnider A (2012) The neural correlates of object-centered processing in reading: a lesion study of neglect dyslexia. Neuropsychologia 50:1142–1150

Rengachary J, He BJ, Shulman GL, Corbetta M (2011) A behavioral analysis of spatial neglect and its recovery after stroke. Front Hum Neurosci 5:29

Rizzo M (1989) Astereopsis. In: Boller F, Grafman J (eds) Handbook of neuropsychology. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 415–427

Rizzo M, Barton JJS (2008) Central disorders of visual function. In: Miller NR, Newman NJ, Biousse V, Kerrison JB (eds) Walsh and Hoyt’a clinical neuro-opthalmology: the essentials. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, pp 263–284

Robertson IH, Tegnér R, Tham K, Lo A, Nimmo-Smith I (1995) Sustained attention training for unilateral neglect: theoretical and rehabilitation implications. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 17:416–430

Rode G, Lacour S, Jacquin-Courtois S, Pisella L, Michel C, Revol P, Alahyane N, Luauté J, Gallagher S, Halligan P, Pélisson D, Rossetti Y (2015) Long-term sensorimotor and therapeutical effects of a mild regime of prism adaptation in spatial neglect. A double-blind RCT essay. Ann Phys Rehabil Med 58:40–53

Rode G, Pisella L, Petitet P, O’Shea J, Huchon L, Jacquin-Courtois S, Rossetti Y (2017) Quelles stratégies de rééducation dans la négligence spatiale unilatérale ? In: Roussel M, Godefroy O, de Boissezon X (eds) Troubles neurocognitifs vasculaires et post-AVC. De l’évaluation à la prise en charge. De Boeck Supérieur, Paris, pp 97–110

Rossi PW, Kheyfets S, Reding MJ (1990) Fresnel prisms improve visual perception in stroke patients with homonymous hemianopia or unilateral visual neglect. Neurology 40:1597–1599

Rossit S, Benwell CSY, Szymanek L, Learmonth G, McKernan-Ward L, Corrigan E, Muir K, Reeves I, Duncan G, Birschel P, Roberts M, Livingstone K, Jackson H, Castle P, Harvey M(2017) Effcacy of home-based visuomotor feedback training in stroke patients with chronic hemispatial neglect. Neuropsychol Rehabil 23:1–20

Roth T, Sokolov AN, Mesias A, Roth P, Weller M, Trauettel-Klosinski S (2009) Comparing explorative saccade and ficker training in hemianopia: a randomized controlled study. Neurology 72:324–331

Rowe F, Brand D, Jackson CA, Price A, Walker L, Harrison S et al (2009) Visual impairment following stroke: do stroke patients require vision assessment? Age Ageing 38(2):188–193

Rowe FJ, Conroy EJ, Bedson E, Cwiklinski E, Drummond A, Garcia-Finana M, Howard C, Pollock A, Shipman T, Dodridge C, MacIntosh C, Johnson S, Noonan C, Barton G, Sackley C (2016) A pilot randomized controlled trial comparing effectiveness of prism glasses, visual search training and standard care in hemianopia. Acta Neurol Scand 2017(136):310–321

Schaadt AK, Kerkhoff G (2016) Vision and visual processing defcits. In: Husain M, Schott J (eds) Oxford textbook of cognitive neurology & dementia. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 147–160

Schaadt AK, Schmidt L, Reinhart S, Adams M, Garbacenkaite R, Leonhardt E, Kuhn C, Kerkhoff G (2013) Perceptual relearning of binocular fusion and stereoacuity after brain injury. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 28(5):462–471

Schaadt AK, Schmidt L, Kuhn C, Summ M, Adams M, Garbacenkaite R, Leonhardt E, Reinhart S, Kerkhoff G (2014) Perceptual relearning of binocular fusion after hypoxic brain damage: four controlled single-case treatment studies. Neuropsychology 28(3):382–387

Schindler I, Kerkhoff G, Karnath H-O, Keller I, Goldenberg G (2002) Neck muscle vibration induces lasting recovery in spatial neglect. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 73:412–419

Schmidt L, Keller I, Artinger F, Stumpf O, Kerkhoff G (2013a) Galvanic vestibular stimulation improves arm position sense in spatial neglect: a sham-stimulation-controlled study. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 27:497–506

Schmidt L, Utz KS, Depper L et al (2013b) Now you feel both: galvanic vestibular stimulation induces lasting improvements in the rehabilitation of chronic tactile extinction. Front Hum Neurosci 7:90

Schreiber A, Vonthein R, Reinhard J, Trauzettel-Klosinski S, Connert C, Schiefer U (2006) Effect of visual restitution training on absolute homonymous scotomas. Neurology 67:143–145

Schröder A, Wist ER, Hömberg V (2008) TENS and optokinetic stimulation in neglect therapy after cerebrovascular accident: a randomized controlled study. Eur J Neurol 15:922–927

Schuett S (2009) The rehabilitation of hemianopic dyslexia. Nat Rev Neurol 5:427–437

Schuett S, Heywood C, Kentridge W, Zihl J (2008) Rehabilitation of hemianopic alexia: are words necessary for relearning oculomotor control? Brain 131:3156–3168

Smit M, Schutter DJLG, Nijboer TCW, Visser-Meily JMA, Kappelle LJ, Kant N, Penninx J, Dijkerman HC (2015) Transcranial direct current stimulation to the parietal cortex in hemispatial neglect: a feasibility study. Neuropsychologia 74:152–161

Spitzyna GA, Wise RJ, McDonald SA, Plant GT, Kidd D, Crewes H et al (2007) Optokinetic therapy improves text reading in patients with hemianopic alexia: a controlled trial. Neurology 68(22):1922–1930

Suchoff IB, Kapoor N, Ciuffreda KJ, Rutner D, Han E, Craig S (2008) The frequency of occurrence, types, and characteristics of visual feld defects in acquired brain injury: a retrospective analysis. Optometry 79(5):259–265

Thieme H, Mehrholz J, Pohl M, Behrens J, Dohle C (2013) Mirror therapy for improving motor function after stroke. Stroke 44:e1–e2

Trauzettel-Klosinski S (2011) Current methods of visual rehabilitation. Deutsches Ärzteblatt International (English) 108:871–878

Turgut N, Miranda M, Kastrup A, Eling P, Hildebrandt H (2018) tDCS combined with optokinetic drift reduces egocentric neglect in severely impaired post-acute patients. Neuropsychol Rehabil 28(4):515–526

Van Wyk A, Eksteen CA, Rheeder P (2014) The effect of visual scanning exercises integrated into physiotherapy in patients with unilateral spatial neglect poststroke: a matched-pair randomized control trial. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 28:856–873

WHO (2001) International classifcation of functioning, disability and health. World Health Organization, Geneva.

Wilkinson D, Zubko O, Sakel M, Coulton S, Higgins T, Pullicino P (2014) Galvanic vestibular stimulation in hemi-spatial neglect. Front Integr Neurosci 8:4

Wilson B, Cockburn J, Halligan P (1987) Development of a behavioral test of visuospatial neglect. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 68:98–102

Yang NYH, Zhou D, Chnung RCK, Li-Tsang CWP, Fong KNK (2013) Rehabilitation interventions for unilateral neglect after stroke: a systematic review from 1997 through 2012. Front Hum Neurosci 7:1–11

Zhang X, Kedar S, Lynn JJ, Newman NJ, Viousse V (2006) Natural history of homonymous hemianopia. Neurology 66:901–905

Zihl J (1995) Eye movement patterns in hemianopic dyslexia. Brain 118:891–912 Zihl J (2011) Rehabilitation of visual disorders after brain injury, 2nd edn. Psychology Press, New York

Zihl J, Kerkhoff G (1990) Foveal photopic and scotopic adaptation in patients with brain damage. Clin Vis Sci 2:185–195

Aben I, Denollet J, Lousberg R, Verhey F, Wojciechowski F, Honig A (2002) Personality and vulnerability to depression in stroke patients: a 1-year prospective follow-up study. Stroke 33:2391–2395

Adamson BC, Ensari I, Motl RW (2015) Effect of exercise on depressive symptoms in adults with neurologic disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 96(7):1329–1338

Albert SJ, Kesselring J (2012) Neurorehabilitation of stroke. J Neurol 259(5):817–892

Angelelli P, Paolucci S, Bivona U, Piccardi L, Ciurli P, Cantagallo A, Antonucci G, Fasotti L, Di Santantonio A, Grasso MG, Pizzamiglio L (2004) Development of neuropsychiatric symptoms in poststroke patients: a cross-sectional study. Acta Psychiatr Scand 110(1):55–63

Arts MLJ, Kwa VIH, Dahmen R (2008) High satisfaction with an individualised stroke care programme after hospitalisation of patients with a TIA or minor stroke: a pilot study. Cerebrovasc Dis 25:566–571

Barker-Collo S, Feigin V (2006) The impact of neuropsychological defcits on functional stroke outcomes. Neuropsychol Rev 16:35–64

Barker-Collo S, Feigin V, Parag V, Lawes C, Senior H (2010) Auckland stroke outcomes study. Part 2: cognition and functional outcomes 5 years post stroke. Neurology 75:1608–1615

Ben-Yishay Y (ed) (1978) Working approaches to remediation of cognitive defcits in brain damaged persons (Rehabilitation Monograph). New York University Medical Center, New York

Ben-Yishay Y (1996) Refections on the evolution of the therapeutic milieu concept. Neuropsychol Rehabil 6(4):327–343

Ben-Yishay Y, Prigatano GP (1990) Cognitive remediation. In: Rosenthal M, Griffth ER, Bond MR, Miller JD (eds) Rehabilitation of the adult and child with traumatic brain injury, 2nd edn. F. A. Davis, Philadelphia, pp 393–409

Boake C (1996) Editorial: historical aspects of neuropsychological rehabilitation. Neuropsychol Rehabil 6:241–243

Brands IM, Bouwens SF, Wolters Gregório G, Stapert SZ, van Heugten CM (2013) Effectiveness of a process-oriented patient-tailored outpatient neuropsychological rehabilitation programme for patients in the chronic phase after ABI. Neuropsychol Rehabil 23(2):202–215

Burton L, Tyson SF (2015) Screening for cognitive impairment after stroke: a systematic review of psychometric properties and clinical utility. J Rehabil Med 47(3):193–203

Chung CS, Pollock A, Campbell T, Durward BR, Hagen S (2013) Cognitive rehabilitation for executive dysfunction in adults with stroke or other adult non-progressive acquired brain damage. Cochrane Database Syst Rev (4):CD008391

Cicerone KD, Dahlberg C, Kalmar K, Langenbahn DM, Malec JF, Bergquist TF, Felicetti T, Giacino JT, Harley JP, Harrington DE, Herzog J, Kneipp S, Laatsch L, Morse PA (2000) Evidence-based cognitive rehabilitation: recommendations for clinical practice. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 81(12):1596–1615

Cicerone KD, Dahlberg C, Malec JF, Langenbahn DM, Felicetti T, Kneipp S, Ellmo W, Kalmar K, Giacino JT, Harley JP, Laatsch L, Morse PA, Catanese J (2005) Evidence-based cognitive rehabilitation: updated review of the literature from 1998 through 2002. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 86(8):1681–1692

Cicerone KD, Langenbahn DM, Braden C, Malec JF, Kalmar K, Fraas M, Felicetti T, Laatsch L, Harley JP, Bergquist T, Azulay J, Cantor J, Ashman T (2011) Evidence-based cognitive rehabilitation: updated review of the literature from 2003 through 2008. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 92(4):519–530

Cumming TB, Mead G (2017) Classifying post-stroke fatigue: Optimal cut-off on the fatigue assessment scale. J Psychosom Res 103:147–149

Cumming TB, Packer M, Kramer SF, English C (2016) The prevalence of fatigue after stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Stroke 11(9):968–977

das Nair R, Cogger H, Worthington E, Lincoln NB (2016) Cognitive rehabilitation for memory defcits after stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 9(9):CD002293

de Graaf JA, van Mierlo M, Post M, Achterberg W, Kapelle J, Visser-Meily J (2018) Long-term restrictions in participation in stroke survivors under and over 70 years of age. Disabil Rehabil 40(6):637–645

De Wit L, Putman K, Baert I, Lincoln LB, Angst F, Beyens H et al (2008) Anxiety and depression in the frst six months after stroke. A longitudinal multicentre study. Disabil Rehabil 30:1858–1866

 Diller L (1976) A model for cognitive retraining in rehabilitation. Clin Psychol 29:13–15

Duits AA, Munnecom T, van Heugten CM, Van Oostebrugge RJ (2008) Cognitive and emotional consequences in the early phase after stroke: complaints versus performance. JNNP 79(2):143–146

Duncan PW, Samsa GP, Weinberger M, Goldstein LB, Bonito A, Witter DM, Enarson C, Matchar D (1997) Health status of individuals with mild stroke. Stroke 28(4):740–745

Edwards DF, Hahn M, Baum C, Dromerick AW (2006) The impact of mild stroke on meaningful activity and life satisfaction. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 15:151–157

Elsner B, Kugler J, Pohl M, Mehrholz J (2016) Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) for improving activities of daily living, and physical and cognitive functioning, in people after stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 3(3):CD009645

Fens M, van Heugten C, Beusmans G, Limburg M, Haeren R, Kaemingk A, Metsemakers J (2013) Not as transient: patients with transient ischaemic attack or minor stroke experience cognitive and communication problems; an exploratory study. Eur J Gen Pract 19:11–16

Forster A, Brown L, Smith J, House A, Knapp P, Wright J, Young J (2012) Information provision for stroke patients and their caregivers. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 11(11):CD001919

Geurtsen GJ, van Heugten CM, Martina JD, Geurts AC (2010) Comprehensive rehabilitation programmes in the chronic phase after severe brain injury: a systematic review. J Rehabil Med 42(2):97–110

Gillespie A, Best C, O’Neill B (2012) Cognitive function and assistive technology for cognition: a systematic review. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 18:1–19

Gillespie DC, Bowen A, Chung CS, Cockburn J, Knapp P, Pollock A (2015) Rehabilitation for post-stroke cognitive impairment: an overview of recommendations arising from systematic reviews of current evidence. Clin Rehabil 29(2):120–128

Goldstein K (1919) Die Behandlung, Fürsorge und Begutachtung der Hirnverletzten. Zugleich ein Beitrag zur Verwendung psychologischer Methoden in der Klinik. F.C.W. Vogel, Leipzig

Goldstein K (1942) After-effects of brain injuries in war: their evaluation and treatment. Grune & Stratton, New York

Hachinski V, Iadecola C, Petersen RC, Breteler MM, Nyenhuis DL, Black SE, Powers WJ, DeCarli C, Merino JG, Kalaria RN, Vinters HV, Holtzman DM, Rosenberg GA, Wallin A, Dichgans M, Marler JR, Leblanc GG (2006) National Institute of Neurological Disorders and StrokeCanadian Stroke Network vascular cognitive impairment harmonization standards. Stroke 37(9):2220–2241

Hackett ML, Anderson C, House A, Halteh A (2008a) Interventions for preventing depression after stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev (3):CD003689

Hackett ML, Anderson CS, House A, Xia J (2008b) Interventions for treating depression after stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev (4):CD003437

Hackett ML, Yang M, Craig S, Anderson C, Horrocks J, House A (2010) Pharmaceutical interventions for emotionalism after stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev (2):CD003690

Hoffmann T, Bennett S, Koh CL, McKenna K (2010) Occupational therapy for cognitive impairment in stroke patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010(9):CD006430

Huang HC, Huang YC, Lin MF, Hou WH, Shyu ML, Chiu HY, Chang HJ (2017) Effects of homebased supportive care on improvements in physical function and depressive symptoms in patients with stroke: a meta-analysis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 98(8):1666–1677

 Humphreys I, Thomas S, Phillips C, Lincoln N (2015) Cost analysis of the communication and low mood (CALM) randomised trial of behavioural therapy for stroke patients with aphasia. Clin Rehabil 29(1):30–41

Jamieson M, Cullen B, McGee-Lennon M, Brewster B, Evans J (2015) The effcacy of cognitive prosthetic technology for people with memory impairments: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Neuropsychol Rehabi 24(3–4):419–444

Jamieson M, Cullen B, McGee-Lennon M, Brewster B, Evans J (2017) Technological memory aid use by people with acquired brain injury. Neuropsychol Rehabil 27(6):919–936

Knapp P, Campbell Burton C, Holmes J, Murray J, Gillespie D, Lightbody E, Watkins C, Chun H-Y, Lewis S (2017) Interventions for treating anxiety after stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2017(5):CD008860

Kochanek P, Jackson T, Ferguson N, Carlson S, Simon D et al (2015) Emerging therapies in traumatic brain injury. Semin Neurol 35(1):83–100

Kootker JA, van Mierlo ML, Hendriks JC, Sparidans J, Rasquin SM, de Kort PL, Visser-Meily JM, Geurts AC (2016) Risk factors for symptoms of depression and anxiety one year poststroke: a longitudinal study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 97(6):919–928

Kouwenhoven SE, Kirkevold M, Engedal K, Kim HS (2011) Depression in acute stroke: prevalence, dominant symptoms, and associated factors. A systematic literature review. Disabil Rehabil 33:539–556

Kutlubaev MA, Mead GE, Lerdal A (2015) Fatigue after stroke--perspectives and future directions. Int J Stroke 10(3):280–281

Langhorne P, Bernhardt J, Kwakkel G (2011) Stroke rehabilitation. Lancet 377(9778): 1693–1702

Linden T, Samuelson H, Skog I, Blomstrand C (2005) Visual neglect and cognitive impairment in elderly patients late after stroke. Acta Neurol Scand 111:163–168

Loetscher T, Lincoln NB (2013) Cognitive rehabilitation for attention defcits following stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013(5):CD002842

Mala H, Rasmussen C (2017) The effect of combined therapies on recovery after acquired brain injury: systematic review of preclinical studies combining enriched environment, exercise, or task-specific training with other therapies. Restor Neurol Neurosci 35:25–64

Malec J (2017) Assessment for neuropsychological rehabilitation planning. In: Wilson BA, Winegardner J, van Heugten C, Ownsworth T (eds) Neuropsychological rehabilitation: the international handbook. Routledge Taylor & Francis Group, Cambridge, pp 36–48

Malley D (2017) Managing fatigue in adults after acquired brain injury. In: Wilson BA, Winegardner J, van Heugten C, Ownsworth T (eds) Neuropsychological rehabilitation: the international handbook. Routledge Taylor & Francis Group, Cambridge, pp 391–402

Mandliya A, Das A, Unnikrishnan JP, Amal MG, Sarma PS, Sylaja PN (2016) Post-stroke fatigue is an independent predictor of post-stroke disability and burden of care: a path analysis study. Top Stroke Rehabil 23(1):1–7

Mark RE (2012) Good recovery after stroke may hide widespread cognitive defcits. Eur J Neurol 19(7):e61

Mead GE, Hsieh C, Lee R, Kutlubaev MA, Claxton A, Hankey GJ, Hackett ML (2012) Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors for stroke recovery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 11(11):CD009286

Mitchell PH, Veith RC, Becker KJ, Buzaitis A, Cain KC, Fruin M et al (2009) Brief psychosocialbehavioral intervention with antidepressant reduces poststroke depression signifcantly more than usual care with antidepressant: living well with stroke: randomized, controlled trial. Stroke 40(9):3073–3078

Moran GM, Fletcher B, Feltham MG, Calvert M, Sackley C, Marshall T (2014) Fatigue, psychological and cognitive impairment following transient ischaemic attack and minor stroke: a systematic review. Eur J Neurol 21:1258–1267

Muus I, Petzold M, Ringsberg KC (2010) Health-related quality of life among Danish patients 3 and 12 months after TIA or mild stroke. Scand J Caring Sci 24:211–218

Neren D, Johnson M, Legon W, Bachour S, Lang G, Divani A (2016) Vagus nerve stimulation and other neuromodulation methods for treatment of traumatic brain injury. Neurocrit Care 24:308–319

Nijsse B, van Heugten CM, van Mierlo ML, Post MW, de Kort PL, Visser-Meily JM (2017a) Psychological factors are associated with subjective cognitive complaints 2 months poststroke. Neuropsychol Rehabil 27(1):99–115

Nijsse B, Visser-Meily JM, van Mierlo ML, Post MW, de Kort PL, van Heugten CM (2017b) Temporal evolution of poststroke cognitive impairment using the montreal cognitive assessment. Stroke 48(1):98–104

Nys G, Van Zandvoort MJ, De Kort PL, Jansen BP, Van der Worp HB, Kapelle LJ, De Haan EH (2005) Domain-specifc cognitive recovery after frst-ever stroke: a follow-up study of 111 cases. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 11(7):795–806

Oberlin LE, Waiwood AM, Cumming TB, Marsland AL, Bernhardt J, Erickson KI (2017) Effects of physical activity on poststroke cognitive function: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Stroke 48(11):3093–3100

Owens DK, Lohr KN, Atkins D, Treadwell JR, Reston JT, Bass EB, Chang S, Helfand M (2010) AHRQ series paper 5: grading the strength of a body of evidence when comparing medical interventions--agency for healthcare research and quality and the effective health-care program. J Clin Epidemiol 63:513–523

Platz T (2017) Practice guidelines in neurorehabilitation. Neurol Int Open 1:E148–E152

Prigatano GP (1986) Personality and psychosocial consequences of brain injury. In: Prigatano GP, Fordyce DJ, Zeiner HK, Roueche JR, Pepping M, Wood BC (eds) Neuropsychological rehabilitation after brain injury. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, pp 29–50

Radman N, Staub F, Aboulafa-Brakha T, Berney A, Bogousslavsky J, Annoni JM (2012) Poststroke fatigue following minor infarcts. A prospective study. Neurology 79:1422–1427

Rasquin S, Verhey F, Lousberg R, Winkens I, Lodder J (2002) Vascular cognitive disorders: memory, mental speed and cognitive fexibility after stroke. J Neurol Sci 203–204: 115–119

Rasquin S, Lodder J, Ponds R, Einkens I, Jolles J, Verhey FR (2004) Cognitive functioning after stroke: a one-year follow up study. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 18(2):138–144

Rasquin SM, Bouwens SF, Dijcks B, Winkens I, Bakx WG, van Heugten CM (2010) Effectiveness of a low intensity outpatient cognitive rehabilitation programme for patients in the chronic phase after acquired brain injury. Neuropsychol Rehabil 20(5):760–777

Schünemann H, Brożek J, Guyatt G, Oxman A (2013) GRADE handbook for grading quality of evidence and strength of recommendations. The GRADE Working Group. Updated October 2013. www.guidelinedevelopment.org/handbook

Sivakumar L, Kate M, Jeerakathil T, Camicioli R, Buck B, Butcher K (2014) Serial Montreal cognitive assessments demonstrate reversible cognitive impairment in patients with acute transient ischemic attack and minor stroke. Stroke 45(6):1709–1715

Stolwyk RJ, O’Neill MH, McKay AJ, Wong DK (2014) Are cognitive screening tools sensitive and specifc enough for use after stroke?: a systematic literature review. Stroke 45(10): 3129–3134

 Suenkeler IH, Nowak M, Misselwitz B, Kugler C, Schreiber W, Oertel WH, Back T (2002) Timecourse of health-related quality of life as determined 3, 6 and 12 months after stroke: relationship to neurological defcit, disability and depression. J Neurol 249:1160–1167

Thomas SA, Walker MF, Macniven JA, Haworth H, Lincoln NB (2013) Communication and low mood (CALM): a randomized controlled trial of behavioural therapy for stroke patients with aphasia. Clin Rehabil 27(5):398–408

Towfghi A, Ovbiagele B, El Husseini N, Hackett ML, Jorge RE, Kissela BM, Mitchell PH, Skolarus LE (2017) Posstroke depression: A scientifc statement for healthcare professionals from the American heart association/American stroke association. 48(2):e30–e43

van der Kemp J, Kruithof WJ, Nijboer TCW, van Bennekom CAM, van Heugten C, Visser-Meily JMA (2017) Return to work after mild-to-moderate stroke: work satisfaction and predictive factors. Neuropsychol Rehabil 29(4):638–653

Van der Zwaluw C, Valentijn S, Mark-Nieuwenhuis R, Rasquin S, van Heugten C (2011) Cognitive functioning in the acute phase post stroke: a predictor for discharge destination? J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 20(6):549–555

van Dijk EJ, de Leeuw FE (2012) Recovery after stroke: more than just walking and talking again If you don’t look for it, you won’t fnd it. Eur J Neurol 19(2):189–190

van Dijk MJ, de Man-van Ginkel JM, Hafsteinsdóttir TB, Schuurmans MJ (2016) Identifying depression post-stroke in patients with aphasia: a systematic review of the reliability, validity and feasibility of available instruments. Clin Rehabil 30(8):795–810

 Van Heugten C (2017) Novel forms of cognitive rehabilitation. In: Wilson BA, Winegardner J, van Heugten C, Ownsworth T (eds) Neuropsychological rehabilitation: the international handbook. Routledge Taylor & Francis Group, Cambridge, pp 425–433

van Heugten C, Rasquin S, Winkens I, Beusmans G, Verhey F (2007) Checklist for cognitive and emotional consequences following stroke (CLCE-24): development, usability and quality of the self-report version. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 109(3):257–262

Van Heugten C, Gregório GW, Wade D (2012) Evidence-based cognitive rehabilitation after acquired brain injury: a systematic review of content of treatment. Neuropsychol Rehabil 22(5):653–673

Van Heugten CM, Walton L, Hentschel U (2015) Can we forget the Mini-Mental State Examination? A systematic review of the validity of cognitive screening instruments within one month after stroke. Clin Rehabil 29(7):694–704

van Heugten CM, Ponds RW, Kessels RP (2016) Brain training: hype or hope? Neuropsychol Rehabil 26(5–6):639–644

van Mierlo ML, Schröder C, van Heugten CM, Post MW, de Kort PL, Visser-Meily JM (2014) The infuence of psychological factors on health-related quality of life after stroke: a systematic review. Int J Stroke 9(3):341–348

Van Mierlo M, van Heugten C, Post M, de Kort P, Visser-Meily J (2015) Psychological factors determine depressive symptomatology after stroke. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 96(6):1064–1070

van Rijsbergen MW, Mark RE, de Kort PL, Sitskoorn MM (2014) Subjective cognitive complaints after stroke: a systematic review. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 23(3):408–420

van Rijsbergen MW, Mark RE, de Kort PL, Sitskoorn MM (2015) Prevalence and profle of poststroke subjective cognitive complaints. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 24(8):1823–1831

Verbraak ME, Hoeksma AF, Lindeboom R, Kwa VIH (2012) Subtle problems in activities of daily living after a transient ischemic attack or an apparently fully recovered non-disabling stroke. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 21:124–130

Visser-Keizer AC, Hogenkamp A, Westerhof-Evers HJ, Egberink IJ, Spikman JM (2015) Dutch multifactor fatigue scale: a new scale to measure the different aspects of fatigue after acquired brain injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 96(6):1056–1063

Wagle J, Fanrer L, Flekoy K, Bruun Willer T, Sandvik L, Fure B, Stensrod B, Engedal K (2011) Early post-stroke cognition in stroke rehabilitation patients predicts functional outcome at 13 months. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 31:379–387

Wessel MJ, Zimmerman M, Hummel FC (2015) Non-invasive brain stimulation: an intervenjtional tool for enhancing behavioral training after stroke. Front Hum Neurosci 9:265

West C, Bowen A, Hesketh A, Vail A (2008) Interventions for motor apraxia following stroke. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008(1):CD004132

Whyte EM, Mulsant BH (2002) Post stroke depression: epidemiology, pathophysiology, and biological treatment. Biol Psychiatry 52:253–264

Williams WH, Evans JJ (2003) Biopsychosocial approaches in neurorehabilitation. Special issue. Neuropsychol Rehabil 13(1–2):1–325

Wilson BA, Herbert CM, Shiel A (2003) Behavioral approaches in neuropsychological rehabilitation: Optimising rehabilitation procedures. Psychology Press, Hove

Wilson BA, Evans JJ, Gracey F, Bateman A (2009) Neuropsychological rehabilitation: theory, models, therapy and outcomes. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

Wilson BA, Winegardner J, van Heugten CM, Ownsworth T (2017) Neuropsychological rehabilitation: the international handbook. Routledge Taylor & Francis Group, Cambridge

Winstein CJ, Stein J, Arena R, Bates B et al (2016) Guidelines for adult stroke rehabilitation and recovery: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/ American Stroke Association. Stroke 47(6):e98–e169

Wogensen E, Mala H, Mogensen J (2015) The effects of exercise on cognitive recovery after acquired brain injury in animal models: a systematic review. Neural Plast 2015:830871

Wu S, Kutlubaev Mansur A, Chun H-Y, Cowey E et al (2015) Interventions for post-stroke fatigue. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2015(3):CD007030

Yeo S, Lian Z, Mao J, Yau W (2017) Effects of central nervous system drugs on recovery after stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Clin Drug Investig 37:901–928